• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.30 no.5B
• /
• pp.445-458
• /
• 2010

The effects of geographical and climatic factors on annual and monthly pan and Penman evaporation were analyzed. 52 climatological stations were selected and trend analyses were performed. Furthermore, cluster analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to understand the effects of geographical and climatic factors on pan and Penman evaporation. Based on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, annual pan evaporation is proved to be mainly controlled by urbanization as geographical factor, and annual pan evaporation is also controlled by temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation as climatic factor. Especially wind speed is considered to be most significant climatic factor which affects pan evaporation. Meanwhile, Penman evaporation is not affected by geographical factors but it is affected by climate factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation except precipitation. Furthermore, the study results show that only proximity to coast affects pan evaporation trend on July; however, geographical and climatic factors do not affect pan evaporation trends in annual basis and monthly basis (January, April, and October). On the other hand, Penman evaporation trends were not affected by geographical factors in annual and monthly basises.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.333-342
• /
• 2006

The long-term trends of global solar irradiance, air temperature, specific humidity and cloudiness measured at King Sejong station, Antarctica, during the period of 1988-2004, have been investigated. A statistically insignificant decrease, -0.21 $Wm^{-2}yr^{-1}$ (-0.26 %$yr^{-1}$, P<0.5) in global solar irradiance was found in an analysis from the time series of the monthly mean values, except for the increasing trends only in two months of January and June. The trends in irradiance are directly and inversely associated with the cloudiness trends in annual and monthly means. The trends in surface air temperature show a slight warming, $0.03^{\circ}Cyr^{-1}$ (1.88 %$yr^{-1}$, P<0.5) on the annual average, with cooling trend in the summer months and the warming in the winter. The exact relationship, if any, between the irradiance and temperature trends is not known. No significant tendency was found in specific humidity for the same periods. Recent (1996-2004) erythermal ultraviolet irradiance shows decreasing trend in annual mean, -0.15 $mWm^{-2}yr^{-1}$ (-1.18 %$yr^{-1}$, P<0.1) which is about five times the trends of global solar irradiance. The ratio of erythermal ultraviolet to global solar irradiance shows remarkable seasonal variations with annual mean value of 0.01 % and a peak in October and November, showing the increase of ultraviolet irradiance resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole. The sensitivity of global solar irradiance to the change in cloudiness is roughly $13%oktas^{-1}$ which is about twice of the value at the South Pole due to the difference in the average surface reflectance between the two stations. Much more sensitive values of $59%oktas^{-1}$ was found for erythermal UV irradiance than for the global solar irradiance.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.12
• /
• pp.6245-6250
• /
• 2012

Background: With increase in life expectancy, adoption of newer lifestyles and screening using prostate specific antigen (PSA), the incidence of prostate cancer is on rise. Globally prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer death in men. The present communication makes an attempt to analyze the time trends in incidence for different age groups of the Indian population reported in different Indian registries using relative difference and regression approaches. Materials and Methods: The data published in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for various Indian registries for different periods and/or publications by the individual registries served as the source materials. Trends were estimated by computing the mean annual percentage change (MAPC) in the incidence rates using the relative difference between two time periods (latest and oldest) and also by estimation of annual percentage change (EAPC) by the Poisson regression model. Results: Age adjusted incidence rates (AAR) of prostate cancer for the period 2005-2008 ranged from 0.8 (Manipur state excluding Imphal west) to 10.9 (Delhi) per $10^5$ person-years. Age specific incidence rates (ASIR) increased in all PBCRs especially after 55 years showing a peak incidence at +65 years clearly indicating that prostate cancer is a cancer of the elderly. MAPC in crude incidence rate(CR) ranged from 0.14 (Ahmedabad) to 8.6 (Chennai). Chennai also recorded the highest MAPC of 5.66 in ASIR in the age group of 65+. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the AAR ranged from 0.8 to 5.8 among the three registries. Increase in trend was seen in the 55-64 year age group cohort in many registries and in the 35-44 age group in Metropolitan cities such as Delhi and Mumbai. Conclusions: Several Indian registries have revealed an increasing trend in the incidence of prostate cancer and the mean annual percentage change has ranged from 0.14-8.6.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.607-623
• /
• 2000

Major trends of ozone concentration variations in Korea were investigated by using observation data from around 100 stations for the period of 1991∼1997. In addition, important regulating those variations were inferred. Three measures such as the number of days exceeding 80ppb, the 95th percentile of daily maxima, and the annual average concentration were used for the analysis of multi-scale ozone concentration variations. Three areas in the southwest (Sosan, Mokpo, and Cheju) of which monitoring has been operated since 1995 showed the highest annual average concentrations over; this was noted because of the high annual average in the Yosu area in the early 1990s. Large increases in annual average concentrations were observed along the relatively cleaner areas connecting Kangnung and Kwangju(northeast to southwest), in contrast to polluted areas connecting Seoul and Pusan(northeast to southeast). Both the number of exceedance days and the daily maximum concentration were nearly constant in the Greater Seoul Area in spite of interannual flucturations associated with year-to-year changes in air temperature. Within the Greater Seoul Area, all three measures usually showed the same trend; they decreased in the middle and west and increased in the east and northeast. All three measures including the number of exceedance days increased largely at Sillim where the average concentration was high but no exceedance days were recorded in the early 1999s, Nationwide ozone concentration variations appear to be determined by the competitive influence of long-range transport and local urban emissions, Within the city including the Greater Seoul Area, changes in emission which accompany changes in population and in the number if vehicles ( in the process of urban development) were found to be important components of ozone concentration variations.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 1997

The lengths of fibers and vessel elements, vessel diameters, and ray spacings of tension and opposite woods in Quercus mongolica Fischer and their radial variations were examined. Crystallinity indices and crystallites orientations of tension, opposite and lateral woods were also investigated. The lengths of fibers and vessel elements, and ray spacings of tension wood were longer and denser than those of opposite wood, respectively. In the latewood, the vessels of tension wood had a little larger diameters than those of opposite wood. whereas the vessel diameters of earlywood were similar in both woods. With the exception of vessel diameters of earlywood, there were differences between tension and opposite woods in all anatomical characteristics examined. In the radial variation pattern, the fiber lengths of both woods increased markedly to about 15th annual ring and thereafter remained virtually constant. The vessel element lengths of earlywood in tension wood increased to certain annual ring and thereafter were stabilized, but opposite wood had a relatively constant trend from pith to bark. Those of late wood in both woods increased to certain annual ring and thereafter showed constant patterns. Vessel diameters appeared to show similar trend in both woods. Ray spacings decreased to about 15 annual ring and thereafter were stabilized in both woods. In the fine structures, tension wood had higher crystallinity index and better crystallites orientation than opposite and lateral woods.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.139-142
• /
• 2005

This study aimed not only to analyze the trend of housing environment design through the advertisements for sale of apartments to be completed after 2006 but also to discuss the future trend of housing environment on the basis of the results of analysis. Building companies used to collect data were limited to those that ranked within the 30th place in the Construction Association of Korea's Contract Ranking from 2001 to 2004. The contens of advertisements appeared on their websites were used. The contents analyzed were also limited to 1) concept and method of design and 2) main advanced systems.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.487-501
• /
• 2019

In this study, steric height variability in the East Asian Seas (EAS) has been analyzed by using ocean reanalysis intercomparison project (ORA-IP) data. Results show that there are significant correlations between ocean reanalysis and satellite data except the phase of annual cycle and interannual signals of the Yellow Sea. Reanalysis ensemble derived from 15-different assimilation systems depicts higher correlation (0.706) than objective analysis ensemble (0.296) in the EAS. This correlation coefficient is also much higher than that of the global ocean (0.441). For the long-term variability of the thermosteric sea level during 1993-2010, a significant warming trend is found in the East/Japan Sea, while cooling trend is shown around the Kuroshio extension area. For the halosteric sea level, a dominant freshening trend is found in the EAS. However, below 300 m depth around this area, the signal-to-noise ratio of the linear trend is generally less than one, which is related to the low density of observation data.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.40 no.7
• /
• pp.555-570
• /
• 2007

The effects of climatic changes owing to urbanization on annual water balance have been studied. In this study, 56 meteorological stations including Seoul metropolis in South Korea have been selected, and the area of study site is $314\;km^2$. The meteorological station is centrally located in the study area with a 10 km radius. Land use status of study area was examined to estimate the urbanization extent, so that annual actual evapotranspiration could be estimated. Annual runoff was estimated by annual water balance approach using the estimated annual actual evapotranspiration and measured annual precipitation. Annual actual evapotranspiration was estimated by applying experimental equation suggested by Zhang et al, (2001) which was evaluated from 250 watersheds all over the world. Study results show that reference evapotranspiration is tending upwards due to urbanization; therefore, it seems that climatic change due to urbanization may increase the amount of annual actual evapotranspiration. However, the increase of residential area due to urbanization in study area may decrease the amount of annual actual evapotranspiration. The study results indicate that urbanization effect on annual trend of precipitation was not significant. In urban area, annual runoff is directly affected by annual precipitation, and compared with annual precipitation, annual variation of actual evapotranspiration was not significant even though it was estimated by using annual precipitation. It seems that the effect of urbanization on annual actual evapotranspiration does not influence on annual runoff significantly, and that urbanization effect on annual runoff Is not significant.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.12
• /
• pp.1585-1598
• /
• 2011

Emission reduction program for in-use diesel vehicles (ERPDV) has been enacted since 2004 over the Seoul metropolitan area, and diesel emission reduction is forced to fulfill this regulation. This study was performed to evaluate the ERPDV using $PM_{10}$ concentrations of both road-side monitoring and national background network during the period of 2004-2010. In order to assess the pure road emission, we first eliminated the long range transport effect by deducting the trend of annual national background concentrations from the road-side $PM_{10}$ concentrations, and then analyzed the time series of the resultant $PM_{10}$ concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area. The annual rates of variations of road-side $PM_{10}$ with the deduction of trend of background level show -3.2, +0.4, and -2.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$/year, in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyonggi province, respectively. There are steadily decreasing trend in Seoul with all of statistic parameters such as mean, mediam, 5%ile, 10%ile, 25%ile, 75%ile, 90%ile, and 95%ile concentrations. Incheon shows some fluctuations with positive with no significant trend, and Gyonggi province shows overall decreasing but not consistent. Student-t test shows 95% significant level of ERPDV effect in Seoul, but there exists no significant level greater than 90% in both Incheon, and Kyonggi province. Total annual averaged trend over the whole Seoul metropolitan area is estimated to lie in approximately $-2.9{\mu}g/m^3$/year in this study, implying the intimate involvement of ERPDV to a large extent. This is also suggesting that the further research cost-effectiveness of ERPDV with consideration of the long range transport process would be needed over the Seoul metropolitan area.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.126-130
• /
• 2020

Catastrophic health expenditure refers to measure the level of the economic burden of households due to medical expenses. The purpose of this study was to examine the proportion of households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure between 2006 and 2018 using available data from the National Survey of Tax and Benefit (NaSTaB), Korea Health Panel (KHP), and Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). Trend test was used to analyze the proportion of household with catastrophic healthcare expenditure. The households experienced the catastrophic health expenditure 2.08% in 2018 using the NaSTaB data. Trend analysis was significant with the decreasing trend (Annual Percentage Change [APC], -4.88; p<0.0001) in the proportion of households with the catastrophic health expenditure. On the other hand, the results of the HIES showed 2.92%, and KHP showed 2.48% of households experienced the catastrophic health expenditure in 2016. The trend was significantly increased in HIES (APC, 1.43; p<0.0001) and KHP (APC, 6.68; p<0.0001). Therefore, this suggests that further interventions to alleviate the burden of catastrophic health expenditure to the low-income group are needed.