• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 1999

강원도 홍천국 북방면 북방리에 있는 45년생(조사착수 당시) 잣나무 인공식재지에서 1992년부터 1998년까지 7개년간의 구과무게 및 구과당종자 무게와 1990년부터 1998까지 9개년간 이 지방의 기상인자를 조사하여 이들 간의 관계를 조사하였다. 화아분화년 2월과 결과년 5, 7월의 기온이 높고, 개화년 8월 기온이 낮으면 구과무게가 무거우며, 구과당 종자무게는 개화년 1월, 8월의 기온이 낮고 결과년 7월 기온이 높으면 무겁게 나타났다. 개화년 6월의 일조시간이 많으면 구과당 종자무게가 무겁고, 개화년 6월 일조율이 높고 결과년 9월이 낮으면 무게가 가벼움을 알 수 있었다. 화아분화년 4월의 월평균풍속이 강하면 구과무게 및 구과당 종자무게는 각기 적음을 알 수 있었다. 개화년 12월의 맑은날수가 많고, 3월과 년간 총 흐린날수, 3월부터 10까지의 총 흐린날수가 적으면, 구과무게가 무거우며, 개화년 6월의 맑은날수가 많고 년간 총 흐린날수와 화아분화후 11월에서 수분전 5월까지의 총 흐린날수가 적으면 구과당종자 무게가 무겁고 개화년 12월 맑은날수가 많으면 가벼움을 알 수 있었다. 개화년의 6월과 년간 총 강수인수, 3월부터 10월의 강수일수가 많으면 구과무게는 적고, 개화년 6월의 강수일수와 결과년의 총 서리일수가 적으면 구과당 종자뚜게도 적음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.481-487
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• 1995

A survey of physical inputs was conducted on the total population of dairy farms supplying milk to the Rewa cooperative dairy company in Fiji. The critical inputs associated with total farm milk production were determined using multiple regression, with analyses being conducted for each of the three identified supplier groups, bulk milk, canned milk and cream. Mean annual milk production per cow averaged 1460 (s.d. = 319), 889 (s.d. = 321) and 800 (s.d. = 451) litres for the bulk milk, canned milk and cream suppliers respectively. Stocking rate averaged 1.37 (s.d. = 1.18) cows per hectare over all farms. Inputs to pasture were universally low and Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus) was identified as a major weed. The average amount of supplement fed annually on a grain equivalent basis was 700 (s.d. = 984) kg per cow for bulk milk, 84 (s.d. = 198) kg per cow for canned milk and 146 (s.d. = 542) kg per cow for cream suppliers. The analysis of data from a small group of farms using nitrogen fertiliser indicated that their production levels were higher than the general population. This suggests that there is potential for the Fijian dairy industry to increase milk production through the use of higher inputs to cows and pastures. The regression models relating annual milk production from farms to the two key inputs of number of cows milked and the amount of supplement fed were all significant (p < 0.001). The coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 56.9 to 89.4 percent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.767-777
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• 2014

Characterizing local chicken types and their mostly rural production systems is prerequisite for designing and implementing development and conservation programs. This study evaluated the management practices of small-scale chicken keepers and the phenotypic and production traits of their chickens in Oman, where conservation programs for local livestock breeds have currently started. Free-range scavenging was the dominant production system, and logistic regression analysis showed that socio-economic factors such as training in poultry keeping, household income, income from farming and gender of chicken owners influenced feeding, housing, and health care practices (p<0.05). A large variation in plumage and shank colors, comb types and other phenotypic traits within and between Omani chicken populations were observed. Male and female body weight differed (p<0.05), being $1.3{\pm}0.65$ kg and $1.1{\pm}0.86$ kg respectively. Flock size averaged $22{\pm}7.7$ birds per household with 4.8 hens per cock. Clutch size was $12.3{\pm}2.85$ and annual production $64.5{\pm}2.85$ eggs per hen. Egg hatchability averaged $88{\pm}6.0%$ and annual chicken mortality across all age and sex categories was $16{\pm}1.4%$. The strong involvement of women in chicken keeping makes them key stakeholders in future development and conservation programs, but the latter should be preceded by a comprehensive study of the genetic diversity of the Omani chicken populations.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2017

Being a staple food for more than half of the population of the world and South Korea, rice is an important crop. For the past 20 years, global paddy rice cultivation area and production have shown an annual growth of 0.46% and 1.61%, respectively. Global rice consumption for food and processing has increased by 1.37% and 3.68%, respectively. Due to the main reason for such increasing human population, it is expected that from 439 million tons in 2010, additional 116 million tons will be needed in 2035. Global rice imports and exports have doubled in the last 20 years. However, in spite of such increment, global rice exports in 2013 were 8.4% of the total production. It is thought that rice protection policies in the producing countries are the main reason for such small scale of rice trading. In the past 5 years, India recorded the largest growth rate in rice exports (51.4%), whereas China showed the largest growth rate in imports (61.0%). For global utilization of milled rice during the same period, approximately 79.4% was used as food, 7.2% as animal feeds, and 1.4% for processing. Regionally, Asia has shown a similar pattern to the global rice usage, whereas utilization for processing in America, for food in Africa, and for animal feed in Europe was relatively higher than the global rice usage. Korea's cultivation area and production since the last 5 years, are 0.5% and 0.8% of those of the world, respectively. Its annual rice export is approximately 3,000 tons, which is 0.01% of the global rice export. Korea's rice utilization is high for food and low for feed and for processing relative to global rice utilization. Therefore, a review must be conducted to increase Korea's utilization of rice for processing and for feed production.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.220-237
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• 2001

Over the 20th century global temperature increase has been 0.6$^{\circ}C$. The globally averaged surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8$^{\circ}C$ over the period 1990 to 2100. Nearly all land areas will have higher maximum temperature and minimum temperature, and fewer cold days and frost days. More intense precipitation events will take plate over many areas. Over most mid-latitude continental interiors will have increased summer continental drying and associated risk of drought. By 2100, if the annual surface temperature increase is 3.5$^{\circ}C$, we will have 15.9$^{\circ}C$ from 12.4$^{\circ}C$ at present. Also the annual precipitation will range 1,118-2,447 mm from 972-1,841 mm at present in Korea. Consequently the average crop periods for summer crops will be 250 days that prolonged 32 days than at present. In the case of gradual increase of global warming, an annual crop can be adapted to the changing climate through the selection of filial generations in breeding process. The perennial crops such as an apple should be shifted the chief producing place to northern or high latitude areas where below 13.5$^{\circ}C$ of the annual surface temperature. If global warming happens suddenly over the threshold atmospheric greenhouse gases, then all ecosystems will have tremendous disturbance. Agricultural land-use plan, which state that farmers decide what to plant, based on their climate-based advantages. Therefore, farmers will mitigate possible negative imparts associated with the climate change. The farmers will have application to use agricultural meteorological information system, and agricultural long-range weather forecast system for their agroecosystems management. The ideal types of crops under $CO_2$ increase and climate change conditions are considered that ecological characteristics need indispensable to accomplish the sustainable agriculture as the diversification of genetic resources from yield-oriented to biomass-oriented characteristics with higher potential of $CO_2$ absorption and primary production. In addition, a heat-and-cold tolerance, a pest resistance, an environmental adaptability, and production stability should be also incorporated collectively into integrated agroecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.54-65
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• 2006

본 연구는 우리나라의 남부 지방인 전남 광양의 백운산 지역(해발 800 m)에서 자라는 60~70년생 신갈나무림과 제주 한라산 지역(해발 1,000 m)에서 자라는 60년생 신갈나무림의 바이오매스와 에너지 고정량을 추정하기 위해 각 지역별로 5~9 본씩 총 25 본의 표본목을 조사하였다. 광양 백운산 지역 북사면 신갈나무림의 바이오매스 현존량은 288.4 ton/ha, 남사면은 241.9 ton/ha이었으며, 제주 한라산 지역 북사면은 368.4 ton/ha, 남사면은 364.3 ton/ha로 나타났다. 또한 연간 순생산량은 백운산 지역 북사면 20.7 ton/ha/yr, 남사면 17.7 ton/ha/yr이었다. 한라산 지역 북사면은 19.0 ton/ha/yr, 남사면 21.2 ton/ha/yr로서 바이오매스 현존량과 연간 순생산량 모두 한라산 지역이 백운산 지역보다 더 높게 나타났다. 그러나 잎의 생산 효율인 순동화율(NAR)은 백운산 지역(4.1~5.1)이 한라산 지역(3.7~4.6)보다 더 높게 나타났다. 한편, 광양 백운산 지역에서 북사면 신갈나무림의 에너지 현존량은 5,666 GJ/ha, 남사면은 4,793 GJ/ha이었으며, 제주 한라산 지역에서 북사면은 6,550 GJ/ha, 남사면은 6,435 GJ/ha로 나타났다. 연간 에너지 고정량은 백운산 지역 북사면 365 GJ/ha/yr, 남사면 360 GJ/ha/yr, 한라산 지역 북사면 351 GJ/ha/yr, 남사면 347 GJ/ha/yr로서 백운산 지역이 한라산 지역보다 더 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권3호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2006

강원도 평창군 중왕산 지역 60~70년생 신갈나무림과 충북 제천 월악산 지역 35년생 신갈나무림에서 사면과 지역에 따른 바이오매스와 연간 순생산량을 비교하였다. 강원 중왕산 해발 1000m 지역에 있는 60~70년생 신갈나무림의 바이오매스는 북사면에서 252.9 ton/ha (지상부 212.2 ton/ha), 남사면에서 212.3 ton/ha (지상부 177.4 ton/ha)이며, 충북 월악산 해발 300m 북사면 지역의 35년생 신갈나무림은 198.7 ton/ha (지상부 157.3 ton/ha)로 추정되었다. 또한 연간 순생산량은 중왕산 북사면 지역 17.3 ton/ha/yr (지상부 14.5 ton/ha/yr), 남사면 지역 14.2 ton/ha/yr (지상부 11.9 ton/ha/yr), 윌악산 지역 21.2 ton/ha/yr (지상부 16.8 ton/ha/yr)로 추정되어, 중왕산 지역 북사면에서 남사면보다 바이오매스와 연간 순생산량이 더 크게 나타났다. 엽면적 지수의 경우 중왕산 지역 북사면 (5.77)이 남사면(3.97)보다 더 많으며, 월악산 35년생 신갈나무림은 중왕산 지역보다 잎의 중량이 더 많고 엽면적 지수도 11.17로 높게 나타났다. 반면 잎의 순동화율은 중왕산 해발 1000m 북사면 지역 4.26kg/kg/yr, 남사면 지역 6.06 kg/kg/yr, 월악산 지역 2.60 kg/kg/yr으로 나타나, 중왕산 남사면 지역이 가장 높고 월악산 지역이 가장 낮아 중왕산 지역에서 잎의 생산효율이 더 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• 태양에너지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.81-91
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• 1989

This study represents the method to predict the flow duration curve and primary design specifications of small hydropower plant at hydropower site through analyzing the monthly rainfall data. Weibull distribution was selected to characterize the rainfall data and Thiessen method was used to calculate monthly average flowrate at site. Application of these results, primary design specifications such as design flowrate, annual average load factor and utility factor, annual average hydropower density and annual electric energy production were estimated and discussed for surveyed site located in Daigi-ri, Kangwon province. And performance characteristic model of small hydro-power plant was applied to estimate these specifications.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1983

Seasonal changes of aquatic environmental factors, phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity were investigated in the Jido pond (a phytoplankton proliferating pond) from August 1982 to October 1983. Secchi disc transparency, pH, alkalinity and inorganic nitrogen concentration ranged 24~105cm, 7.5~10.6, 50~175mgCaCO3/l 0.1~4.0mgN/l, respectively. The minimum values of transparency, alkalinity and inorganic nitrogen concentration and the maximum value of pH were obtained during the phytoplankton proliferating season. The phytoplankton biomass changed in the range of 51~1146mgchl/m3 with considerable fluctuations but maintained fairly constant in winter. Themaximum and minimum rates of monthly carbon inflow (net primary production) of the phytoplankton community attained 1190gc/m2 in August 1982 and 68g/m2 in February 1983, respectively. The annual rates of inflow and outflow from August 1982 to July 1983 were 7.384 and 7.396kgc/m2, respectively. Turnover rate of phytoplankton carbon and efficiency of radiation of the phytoplankton community varied in the ranges of 60~130%/day (annual mean, 90%/day) and 0.9~11.2% (annual mean, 6.3%), respectively.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2009

The growth and estimated production of Acanthogobius flavimanus (1.9${\sim}$24.7 cm TL) were investigated in an eelgrass bed and unvegetated tidal flat of Dongdae Bay, Korea from March 2006 to February 2007. Growth in fish total length was expressed by the von Bertalanffy's growth equation as: $L_t=43.238(1-e^{-03138(t+02507)})$. Estimated densities, biomass, daily and annual production, and P/B ratio were higher at eelgrass bed than those of at unvegetated tidal flat. Monthly variation in daily production was large; the peak numbers occurred in November 2006 ($0.0014g/m^2$/day) at eelgrass bed, whereas was $0.002g/m^2$/day in July 2006 at unvegetated tidal flat. The eelgrass bed has been supported to maintain capacity of higher production of A. flavimanus than those of in unvegetated tidal flat.