• Architectural research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.191-200
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• 2013

Since Modern Movement flexibility has been one of the most attractive words in architecture. However, "overprovision first, division later" has been the most prevailing design method for spatial flexibility, and many of buildings designed for flexible use are practically quite inflexible due to insufficient building systems or/and irresponsible planning. There have been two dominant strategies to achieve architectural flexibility: multi-functionality and polyvalence. These two approaches, which point contradictory directions, actually reflect the difficulty in providing a proper form of architectural flexibility. Multi-functionality can afford changeable environments with satisfying spatial conditions; however it lacks tolerance to accommodate other uses but intended functions by architects. Meanwhile, flexibility by a polyvalent form relies on the vague anticipation of user's various interpretations. In this study by looking up these two different standpoints and historical precedents flexibility in architecture is carefully scrutinized focused on the contradiction, and as an alternative for architectural flexibility contextual relations is proposed. Unlike both multi-functionality and polyvalence, which produce flexibility by changing its own properties, manipulating contextual relations infuses flexibility into space by changing the properties of a building, not of its individual room. By using this contextual relations method, a community-centered school in Manhattan, NY, which was in danger of being closed because of its academic failure, is represented as a flexible space.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.4 s.76
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental trends in children's gender-role flexibility across different areas of gender-role concept(appearance, activities, occupations, personality trails). Participants included 74 children(1st, 3rd, 5th graders). They were interviewed on a series of 16 pictures depicting cross-gender characteristics. Analyses revealed that (a) flexibility reached its peak at around age 8, which then remained the same except in appearance, (b) girls showed higher flexibility than boys except in occupations, (c) children showed the lowest flexibility in appearance and the highest in occupations, (d) children showed the lowest flexibility toward a male target child with cross-gender characteristic, and (e) children's justifications for flexibility were varied according to the situations. The results suggest that children's gender-role flexibility is influenced by age, sex, areas of gender-role concept, and target persons.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-138
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to show a model on enhancing labor market flexibility and to compare labor market flexibility, considering that the model on labor market flexibility, universally acceptable, are not found. The writer classified the scope of labor market flexibility into three parts such as indirect adjustment, direct adjustment and policy adjustment. The writer further classified the contents of labor market flexibility into eleven sub-parts. This kind of classification regarding labor market flexibility is unique and comprehensive. Based on this classification, the writer measured the degree of labor market flexibility of four countries such as USA, Japan, Germany, and Korea. According to the results, the ranks of labor market flexibility are USA, Japan, Korea, Germany.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1461-1467
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether static stretching or Thera-band stretching of hamstrings is more effective in improving the flexibility of hamstrings. A total of 40 participants performed stretching 3 times a week for 4 weeks, and a sitting trunk flexion meter was used to measure the flexibility of the hamstrings. Differences in hamstring flexibility before and after the application of static and Thera-band stretching were analyzed, and differences between the stretching methods were also analyzed. As a result, hamstring flexibility increased significantly after the static stretching program (p=.000), and also increased significantly after the Thera-band stretching program (p=.000). Although both programs were effective in improving hamstring flexibility, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=.058). Therefore, static stretching and Thera-band stretching are effective interventions to improve and maintain hamstring flexibility.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.187-216
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• 2004

After Asian financial crisis hit the Korea, Korean government and Korean firms need to restructure their system. Specially financial sector has to renew its system. One way renew its system was adjust company's labor system. The forms of labor adjustment are external numerical flexibility, externalization, internal numerical flexibility, functional flexibility and wage flexibility. These five forms based on two big categories which are wage flexibility and employment flexibility. This study only focus on th effect of employment flexibility in financial sector in Korea. Employment flexibilities can be practice as employment adjustment. Also we concentrate on separation and re-accessors to other financial institute after the separation. The result shows that Korean financial sector are in the range of 10.78% and the job destruction rates are about 11.26%. During the period from year 1998 to year 2002, the numbers of accession has down about 30%. The logit statistical analysis for separation shows that demographical variables and the reasons of separation affected separation and reemployment.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.91-102
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• 1993

This paper suggests an approach to quantitative evaluation of a manufacturing flexibility in automated manufacturing systems. The flexibility of a cell is newly defined and evaluated in use of the environmental change factors which may influence flexibility for satisfying a manufacturing performance objective. The number of machines, the number of operations, machine breakdowns and processing times are considered for this cell flexibility measure. The cell flexibility measures the extent that the cell utilizes the processes to acquire high throughput. Simulation program written in SLAM System was used to help measure cell flexibility. The proposed cell flexibility measure provides a prediction of the influence of the factors on throughput performance, and applies in case of comparison of existing system and a new system, changes in operation conditions of a cell, and comparison of rival machines. Therefore it can be used as decision making criteria for system justification.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.21-35
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• 2014

As productions and deliveries of multiple products to multiple marketplaces have been increasingly popular, supply chain flexibility, which refers to an ability to deal with demand and capacity uncertainty, becomes an important issue in supply chain management. However, logistics costs have been largely neglected in the literature on supply chain flexibility structure. In this paper, we propose mathematical models to investigate the impact of the logistics costs on the optimal flexibility structure. We also conduct a simulation study and observe that logistics costs have a significant impact on the decision on supply chain flexibility structure. Such conclusion is also supported by the case study of a global car manufacturer, Honda Motors.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1717-1724
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• 2019

Background : Several studies have suggested different arguments for the effect of stretching exercises and core muscle exercises on flexibility and balance ability. Objective : To determine the effects of stretching exercises and core muscle exercise on flexibility and balance ability. Design : Quasi experimental research Method : The study applied exercise interventions (three sessions per week for 6 weeks) on 40 subjects. The subjects were divided into stretching and core muscle exerciseing groups to identify the change of flexibility and balance ability. Sit- and- reach test results and hip hyperextension were measured for identifying changes in flexibility, and the Romberg test and Pedalo stabilizer were used for changes in balance ability. Results : Both the stretching exercise and core muscle exercise groups showed a statistically significant increase in flexibility (p<.05). However, the stretching exercise group showed a statistically significant increase in balance ability (p<.05), whereas the core muscle exercise group showed partially statistically significant differences in this par t(p>.05). In the analysis of the differences in the amount of change in flexibility, based on the types of exercise, stretching exercises showed a significant difference (p<.05), whereas a significant difference was not found in the amount of change in balance ability (p>.05). Conclusions : These findings indicate that stretching exercises are the more effective intervention for improving and maintaining flexibility, whereas there is no difference between stretching and core muscle exercises with respect to improving balance ability.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of hip flexor stretching with pelvic fixation on the flexibility of hip extension and gait capacity in subjects with limited hip extension flexibility. Methods: Twenty-six subjects with limited hip extension flexibility were divided into two groups: a hip flexor stretching with pelvic fixation group (n = 13) and a hip flexor stretching without pelvic fixation group (n = 13). The subjects were assessed based on flexibility of hip extension, stride, and gait velocity after applying hip flexor stretching. Results: The hip flexor stretching with pelvic fixation group showed significantly improved flexibility of hip extension, stride, and gait velocity compared with hip flexor stretching without pelvic fixation group (p <0.05). The flexibility of hip extension was significantly improved after application of hip flexor stretching in both groups; however, stride and gait velocity were significantly improved only in the hip flexor stretching with pelvic fixation group. Conclusion: Hip flexor stretching with pelvic fixation is an effective intervention for improving the flexibility of hip extension and gait capacity.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2004

Recently, determinants in the construction market are not suppliers' choices but customers' various needs. One of the main interests about the space design is the flexibility. Though those are the choices of users to modify space structure, the potential degree of flexibility is predetermined by the providers. In suppliers' view, it is consuming in financial and technical aspects to cater the apartments qualifying maximum flexibility. To modify these differences, the reasonable range of applicable customers's requirement about flexibility in apartment should be determined. Then, the types of flexibility in apartments should be classified. The purpose of this Study are classified the flexibility of support in apartment by the analyzing the remodeling requirement of apartment residents, and provided prerequisites to create flexible spaces by case application.