• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2009

In this study, Staphylococcus carnosus isolated from traditional sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage) was used in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum as a lactic culture in sucuk production. Sucuk produced with only L. plantarum was evaluated as a control group. Microbiological, physicochemical, and volatile profile characteristics of sucuk samples were investigated during ripening. In both sausages with S. carnosus and control group, pH value decreased to below 5.0 at the $3^{rd}$ day. In all samples, Aw value decreased as the ripening time progressed. Sausages with S. carnosus showed the higher nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) value than control group. However, the highest mean value for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in control group. Enterobacteriaceae dropped to undetectable levels at the $3^{rd}$ day in both groups. S. carnosus increased approximately 1 log unit within the first 3 days of the fermentation. In the presence of S. carnosus, significant changes were observed in only a few volatile compounds.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2009

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory qualityies of steamed chicken samples by prepared with combined additions of oregano-allspice and Ascorbic acid (OA/AA), and processed by a sous-vide cook - chill system. The hurdle effect of the OA/AA addition was examined in terms of microbial stability improvements and their effects on sensory were also evaluated. First, the microbial risk was lowered and chicken quality was good with the addition of the OA/AA hurdle as compared to the control. Second, over various days of storage, the microbial quality of the OA/AA samples was relatively high. In standard plate counts, the control group presented a bacteria level of 2.75 LogCFU/g at 10 days of storage, but the OA/AA groups were had counts of 2.38, 1.89 and 1.81 LogCFU/g, respectively. And at 15 days of storage, the control group had a level of 3.65 LogCFU/g whereas the OA/AA groups had counts of 3.55, 3.54, and 3.24 LogCFU/g, respectively. Lastly, the sensory scores of the OA/AA groups were higher than those of the control group. Accordingly, overall microbial and sensory characteristics were better in the OA/AA hurdle groupsf than in the control group. Thus, the combined addition of Oregano-allspice and Ascorbic acid may be and alternative means for extending shelf - life.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2004

Hygienic standards for pizza specialty restaurant located in Seoul during summer, 2000 were established based on HACCP concept by measuring temperature, time, pH, $A_{w}$ and microbiological assessments of pizza, and evaluation of hygienic conditions of kitchens and workers. Kitchen and worker conditions were average 1.2 and 1.0 (3 point Sly's scale), respectively, Microbial contaminations occurred at $5-60^{\circ}C$, pH above 5.0, and $A_{w}$ (0.93-0.98). Microbial assessments for pizza processing revealed $1.5{\times}10^{2}-3.9{\times}10^{8}\;CFU/g$ of TPC and $0.5{\times}10^{1}-1.6{\times}10^{7}\;CFU/g$ of coliforms, exceeding standards ($TPC\;10^{6}\;CFU/g\;and\;coliform\;10^{3}\;CFU/g$) established by Solberg et al., although significantly decreased after baking. S. aureus was not discovered, but Salmonella was found in onions. Tools and containers such as pizza cutting knife, topping container, serving bowl, pizza plate, working board, and dough kneading board contained $6.2{\times}10^{2}-1.1{\times}10^{9}\;CFU/g$ of TPC, $2.0{\times}10^{1}-6.2{\times}10^{3}\;CFU/g$ of coliforms. Workers' hands contained $3.1{\times}10^{4}\;CFU/g$ of TPC and S. aureus as compared to safety standards of Harrigan and McCance (500 and 10 CFU/g of TPC and coliforms per $100cm^{2}$). CCPs (critical control points) were determined as receiving, topping, and baking according to CCP decision tree analysis. Results suggest purchase of quality materials, careful monitoring of time and temperature, hygienic use of tools and utensils, and sanitary practicer by workers are recommended as control points for safe pizza production.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.1072-1078
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• 2015

고품질 수출용 파프리카 생산을 위한 파프리카의 미생물학적 안전성을 확보하고 품질 유지를 위해 75 ppmv 이산화염소 가스 훈증 처리 후 $8{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 30일 동안 저장하면서 미생물 수 및 품질 변화를 측정하였다. 이산화염소 가스 훈증 처리 후 총 호기성 세균과 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 대조구와 비교하여 각각 1.62, 1.45 log CFU/g의 미생물 수 감소를 보였으며, 이러한 효과는 저장 30일 동안 지속되었다. 파프리카의 중량감소율은 저장 중 대조구와 처리구 모두 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으나 저장 30일 후 처리구가 대조구보다 1.08% 더 낮게 유지되었다. 저장 중 당도, 총 페놀 함량, 비타민 C 함량 및 경도는 이산화염소 가스 처리 유무와 상관없이 차이를 보이지 않았다. 당도와 총 페놀 함량은 저장 기간동안 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으나 비타민 C 함량과 경도는 저장 중 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 이산화염소 가스 훈증 처리는 파프리카의 Hunter 색도 값에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않았고, 관능평가에 있어서도 외관적 상태, 신선도, 종합적 기호도 측면에서 대조구보다 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 수확 후 파프리카에 75 ppmv 이산화염소 가스 훈증 처리는 저장 중 파프리카의 품질 변화를 최소화하면서 미생물학적 안전성을 확보할 수 있는 효과적인 수확 후 기술이라고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1591-1602
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• 2019

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of paneer, a soft cheese supplemented with various water soluble date extracts during storage. Further, the whey obtained from all the paneer samples was also investigated for its antioxidant potential. Methods: The date cultivars were evaluated for their physico-chemical characteristics and date extracts were assessed for their antioxidant potential. Physico-chemical evaluation, microbiological quality and further antioxidant potential of the prepared paneer were carried out during storage period (0 to 8 days, $5^{\circ}C$). Results: All the date extracts were found to have considerable antioxidant activity due to presence of total phenolics and flavonoids. Owing to the presence of phenolics and flavoinds in date extracts, supplemented paneer showed higher trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, reducing power and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than control paneer. Paneer supplemented with Rabi extracts had the highest total phenolics ($190.7{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalent/g paneer), DPPH radical scavenging activity ($928.1{\mu}mol$ equivalent of Trolx/g paneer) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ($9.2{\mu}mol$ equivalent of Trolx/g paneer). The whey obtained from control paneer showed lower values of total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and reducing power as compared to the values of whey obtained from paneer supplemented with date extracts. Conclusion: Paneer supplemented with date extracts and its whey may offer potent antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1973

An investigation was carried out on a basis of the bacteriological examination with a view to detecting the degree of bacterial contamination for the 77 samples collected from the locally-sold liquid specialties. It's test period was 50 days from July 10 to August 30, 1971. Specially, the survey has put emphasis on the population of general bacteria and the identification of coli-form group, staphylococcus species, streptococcus species, bacillus species, fungi, and yeast species from liquid samples. The results obtained are summarized as follows; (1) For the 77 samples tested, the contamination of general bacteria was found out as minimun 0, i,e., maximum, $12{\times}10^4$ and the total average $45{\times}10^2$ per milliliter. (2) Although streptococcus species could not be detected with the samples, the contamination of the coli-form and staphylococcus species means the strong suggestion of the possibility of pathogenic bacterial contamination. (3) Specially, the products which stay in the neutral pH range and use suspending agents need to care for the microbial contamination in the manufacturing crocess. (4) It is thought necessary to perform the microbiological quality control in the liquid preparations only at least. (5) As the microbial contamination degree in the liquid decreases according to the elapse of time, the microbiological quality control will have to be carried out immediately after the completion of the manufacturing process in order to know the accurate degree. (6) The author thinks that the main reason of the microbial contamination in the liquid is the contamination during the manufacturing process. (7) For the purpose of prevention of the microbial contamination in liquid, therefore, it is more important to make efforts for the rationalization of manufacturing process, the improvement of equipment and environment, the specific training of workers for hygienic knowledges, etc. rather than the use of preservatives for the preparations.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.618-625
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of fresh ginseng on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of Seukbakjee during 45 days of fermentation. Seukbakjee with various levels(0, 2, 4, 6%) of fresh ginseng were fermented at $4^{\circ}$. During fermentation, the pH values were lowered in all Seukbakjee samples, however, those with fresh ginseng were a little higher than control Seukbakjee. Acidity increased continuously during the entire fermentation, in which those of added fresh ginseng increased less than control. As the concentration of fresh ginseng increased, the pH of Seukbakjee were increased. Saltiness was maintained at 1.37~2.62% levels during the whole fermentation. The degree of degradation of reducing sugar and free sugar was much delayed in Seukbakjee added with fresh ginseng. Total vitamin C content of Seukbakjee with fresh ginseng was higher than that of Seukbakjee without fresh ginseng. The number of total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Seukbakjee with fresh ginseng was higher than control during the entire fermentation period. In sensory evalution, Seukbakjee with 4% fresh ginseng was the best for taste and flavor. Seukbakjee with 2% fresh ginseng was the best for texture and overall acceptability. Above results suggest that the addition of fresh ginseng improves the quality of Seukbakjee.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.506-514
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of marinade under different conditions (temperature and vacuum) on pork ham cooked by the sous-vide method ($61^{\circ}C$ and 98.81% vacuum for 45 min). Control group was non-marinade pork ham. The samples were marinated under 1 of 4 conditions: $4^{\circ}C$, 98.81% vacuum (treatment group $T_1$); $4^{\circ}C$, atmospheric pressure ($T_2$); $20^{\circ}C$, 98.81% vacuum ($T_3$); and $20^{\circ}C$, atmospheric pressure ($T_4$). The pH value was higher in the control (6.02) than in the treatment groups (4.30-4.42, p<0.001). Shear force was the lowest in the control: 18.14 N. Lightness and redness values were higher in the control (p<0.001). The chroma value significantly decreased from 12.74 to 7.55 with marinade (p<0.001). Total viable and coliform counts of raw meat were 84.6 and 3.67 Log CFU/g, respectively. After the marinade, the total viable count decreased to 3.00-14.67 Log CFU/g (p<0.001). Coliforms were not detected. After sous-vide cooking, no viable microorganisms were detected in any group. Treatment groups generally showed high scores on consumer preference. The marinade and sous-vide cooking had a positive effect on sensory characteristics. They provided safe conditions for sanitary evaluation. As a result, it appears that marinade at refrigeration temperature is better than that at room temperature.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.290-295
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• 1990

감마선 조사(0, 2, 4kGy)에 따른 튀긴 닭고기 patty의 미생물 및 TBA가의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 닭고기 patty를 각각 $3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ 와 $-10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 저장하였다. 방사선 조사에 의하여 $3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에 저장된 닭고기 patty의 품길 수명은 증가하였다(p<0.05). 대조구 1g당 미생물 총균 log 수가 6.5에 다다르는데 걸리는 시간은 22일인 반면 방사선 조사구는 40일이 걸렸으며 4kGy로 조사된 patty에서는 초기에 미생물이 발견되지 않았다. 조사선량 증가에 따라 gram-positive cocci의 미생물은 감소한 반면 2kGy와 4kGy로 조사된 시료에서는 각각 yeasts와 gram-negative rod 미생물이 현저했다. TBA가는 조사량과 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.896-901
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• 2000

청국장의 보존성 향상을 목적으로 청국장에 0, 5, 10, 20 kGy의 선량으로 감마선을 조사하고 $25^{\circ}C$에 6주간 보존하면서 청국장의 품질변화를 조사하였다. 청국장의 Bacillus는 감마선 조사에 대하여 1.78kGy의 $D_{10}$값을 보였으며, 10 kGy 조사구는 보존 4주 후, 20 kGy 조사구는 조사 직후에 완전 사멸에 가까운 미생물 사멸효과를 보였다. 청국장 보존 중의 품질열화 요소인 암모니아태질소 함량과 갈색화도의 증가는 감마선 조사에 의하여 유의적으로 억제되었으며 protease의 활성과 pH도 감마선 조사구에서 안정적인 품질을 유지하였다. 따라서 감마선 조사는 청국장의 보존, 유통 중 품질을 유지하는데 유용한 방법이 될 것으로 평가되었다.