• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1999

This paper tried to find out the various symbolic meanings and functions of landscape elements which Capital City of Shilla Dynasty contains, and what is the symbolism and identity of the city. Basically, this research took the thought of the place and the theory of cognition on landscape as a research tool, and undertook the process of surveying the physical surroundings of the city such as mountains, forests, tumuluses, mountain fortress walls, etc. Especially, the study referenced to a myth, thought, and a tale related to them of the surroundings. The research scope in time had been reached to the year of BC 57 which is beginning year of Shilla Dynasty form AC 467 which is year of introduction of new urban block system delivered from Dang Dynasty of ancient China. The results of research showed symbolic meanings of mountains and forests which is surrounding the Shilla capital from 4 directions of east, west, south and north. Namely, it was the places that the king of the kingdom of Shilla decent into the earth from the heaven. Also, the tumuluses which are located on the center of the capital imitated the surrounding mountains in forms, meaned the place that the dead king rised to heaven. All of these symbolized the Capital City of Dynasty as a sacred city which linked the heaven to earth, and earth to heaven. Finally, this paper suggested the Kyongju which is one of the most representative historic and tourist city in Korea should reflect this kind of symbolic meaning of ancient Capital City of Shilla Dynasty in case of arranging the urban identity plan to promote the quality of urban environment of Kyongju.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.87-109
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• 2019

In the Iranian epic $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$, there is a rather interesting story that recounts how the inhabitants of $B.s{\bar{i}}l\bar{a}$ cross-breed their domesticated horses with a magical horse living in the sea in order to obtain fine-bred ones. What is even more interesting is that similar accounts are also seen in many of other classical Perso-Arabic works and Chinese sources. The regions that such events took place in mainly spread over Central Asia and western China while in $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$, the story happens in $B.s{\bar{i}}l\bar{a}$, a legendary kingdom with its historical prototype being Silla. By sorting out certain records of how ancient people sought fine horses by cross-breeding domesticated horses with wild horses that inhabited mountains and waters within Chinese sources and classical Muslim works, and comparing these accounts with similar plot lines as depicted in $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$, this paper attempts to elucidate that the story in $K{\bar{u}}shn{\bar{a}}ma$ is a result of flourishing land and maritime exchanges between East Asia and West Asia during ancient and medieval times, rather than a purely literary fiction. It was not only influenced by the horse culture that thrived over the Eurasian Steppe, but the story is also coincidentally in accordance with the fact that the nomadic zone which lies within the central Eurasian continent extends as far as the Korean Peninsula in northeast Asia.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1060-1069
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• 2004

We can study and judge the costumes of the Three Kingdom period through an ancient tomb murals and various burial mound(clay) figures, however, it is quite difficult to search for costumes of the Goryeo period ($960{\sim}1392$), because dresses from this era were rarely found, related antiquities are limited and hard to survive. This is the reason why people say that the Goryeo Dynasty is the period of undiscovered era for its history of costumes in Korea. Fortunately, these days, there are various kinds of buddhist statues discovered with its burial accessories such as costumes and dyed fabrics of the Goryeo era. Through these, we can glimpse through the Goryeo cloths and develop our researches on this field. In addition, a man called Seo Geung(서긍, the Chinese scholar Xu Jing) wrote a book in the 12th century about peoples lives in Goryeo and in this book, there are few documents about the people's costumes which help us to understand the period's traditional dresses. In this paper, we will look for the traditional costumes which were formed and developed through people's lives in Goryeo, using remains from various burial accessories in buddhist statues as well as the documents related to the costumes written in ${\ll}$Goryeosa 고려사${\gg}$. Moreover, costumes of a period usually developed and influenced by the atmosphere of people's lives both economically and mentally, therefore, in this study, we will especially focus on the dresses of the bureaucratic officials and their wives, who led comfortable lives and latitude of mind. Through the records, like Silla, Goryeo exported Sehjeo(세저) and Sehjoongmapo(세중마포) to China. And we found out that Silla's skillful weaving techniques of hemp and ramie cloths were succeeded to Goryeo. According to above facts, Goryeo people made clothes with various kinds of fabrics such as, different sorts of silks, ramie, hemp cloths and cottons. They also have very skillful manufacturing techniques for certain textiles. Their official robes were generally influenced by Tang and Song Dynasty, but, like ordinary people, we found out that the government officials also wore baji(pants) and a jeogor(jacket), which were traditional costumes since the Unified Silla Kingdom with various coats. Especially, women's costumes such as jeoksam(unlined summer jacket) and hansam(한삼), which are sort of jeogori(jacket), baji(pants) and chima(skirts) were made of various kinds of silks and ramie cloths, that were generated from the Goguryeo Kingdom, with jikryeongpo(a long jacket and striped skirt).

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.865-879
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• 1997

Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles Vol. 21, Nt. 5 (1997) p. 865∼879 The purpose of the study is to identify a historical change about the women's underwear and trousers this nation of ours until an ancient times to modern ages. Because the record of the women's trousers exist scarcely anything, the study refers to several documents, for example, the literatures of the Chinese and the Chosun Dynasty, the Koryu's fresco, the Tou of Shinra, the painting of the rock face, the archaeological dresses and genre pictures, and The folkways methods through the residents is used to collect and to arrange of an enlightened age and modern times. Originally, the women's trousers appeared for the nomadism and the hunting in the northern distric and the northeastern provinces. Male and female, old and young wear the trousers which are the clothes native to Korea. The trousers which are originally narrow trousers are influnced by Chinese wide trousers. The trousers at the time of Samsuk hand down until Korea. The Skirt on the trousers is nothing but a courtesy. But gradually, it is distinguished only the trousers, and then, there are exchanged an underwear which not only the protection angainst the cold but also the beautiful. Therefore, the form of skirt is diminished, and the underwear is simplified as the increasing status and the activity of woman in the age of civilization. In a way, the reform trousers and Three-kingdom era trousers appeared and the Dansogok and Sogok disappeared at present. There are confirmed in my investigation of folk customs.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume I
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• pp.455-458
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• 2006

Stretching on the coastline of 70 km, the Tam Giang - Cau Hai Lagoon plays a very important role for the coastal ecology and socio-economic development of Hue region where was Vietnam's Ancient Kingdom Capital and recognized as a World's Cultural Heritage. Recently, coastal hazard in the lagoon have occurred seriously such as inlet movement and fill up, coastal erosion, flood and inundation, etc. These hazards have impacted on lagoon environment, resources, ecosystems, socio-economic and sustainable development of this coastal area. This paper present a case study using remote sensing data in combination with ground survey for monitoring the coastal hazards in Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon in recent decades. Analysis results find that during its natural evolution, the lagoon has been being in three situations of only one, two and three inlets. When inlets opened or displaced, coastal erosion have occurred seriously toward new balance condition. Flood and inundation occurs every rainy season in lowland plain around lagoon. The historical flood happened in early of November 1999 with six days long, created very terrible damages for Thua Thien Hue province. Remote sensing data with capability of regular update, large area coverage is effective provide real-time and continuous information for coastal hazards monitoring.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.217-227
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• 1994

The Korean clothing industry according to historical documents has a long and deep history. We can deduce the fact that cloth in material was self reliant during the pre-historic period. Although we can not find evidence of clothing material trade from the Three Kingdom era we find active trade with Kang, Jin of China and Japan followed by the spread of Korean clothing material manufacturing skills to Japan. Meanwhile the actual progress of the clothing industry came with the manufacture of cotton stuff in the Koryo era and the official and unofficial trade which brought import and export activity to Korea. Also the manufacture of clothing material by women labor although backward as it may be can be seen as stroug evidence that women labor continuously kept up the development of Korean industry. After the Koryo dynasty trade in clothing material and other clothing items contined with other nations. In conclusion we must not think that the Korean clothing industry started active development from the Chosun dynasty. It is important that we realize this fact and looking at the continuous progress of the Korean clothing industry through historical documents from early history to the Chosun era we rightly evaluate history and be proud of this legacy and also reevaluate the wrong views held before.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this paper is to clarify the social characteristics of the authors of Huangdi Neijing such as status, class, and political ideology. Methods : We analyze the Neijing text and the social order and historical situations in the Han dynasty. Results : Some authors of the Neijing were the local medical officers whose salary was 100~400shi. Their positions were medical craftsmen(yigong) or chief medical craftsmen(yigongchang). They would have published the Neijing after the administrative reforms(146-145 BCE) that began after the suppression of the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms. The bureaucrat yigong(chang) would have expected to participate in the public health policy of the empire or kingdom as an acupuncture expert. They would have also expected to contribute to the welfare and health of the privileged intellectual group and the public, hoping to ascend in status and class. Conclusions : By investigating the social characteristics of the authors who composed the Neijing, its various aspects would be newly understood.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.41-56
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• 1998

The Yo-Dae(belt) was made of cloths and leather orginally. Then, it was decorated with metal decoration to become more developed luxury one. The Kwa-Dae of the Three Kingdom period is called as final shape among those ancient mode. Dae-Gu(The origin of belt buckle) was the metallic decoration of the leather belt that the northern nomadic tribe used to wear it. It was considered that the Dae-Gu was more decorated and changed to Kwa-Dae with Yo-Pae. The first stage Dae-Gu didn't have the hook, but a short hook only could move the belt itself was created, and then a movable short hook(China-Jin period Kwa-Dae, etc) to be inside of belt was showed, after that an axis was necessary when it became to long one, It was completed as a belt buckle. The stick shape hook was main stream in China an dthe other northern countries. Meanwhile, Korea has mostly "T" shape hook, and it shows that we developed our own unique style. Classifying the type of the belt plague, there are five types due to the scarved shapes on the Kwa-Dae and the changes. Mainly based on the excavated tomb articles of the three kingdoms and referred to Chinese and Japanese ones. It showed that the belt plague was lightly influenced by the times and area, but was slowly changed and developed to different types through those each ages generally.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.85-108
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• 2017

This paper details the advance of the "Hui" (回) people to Korea and their socioeconomic activities in forming their own community during the late Goryeo and early Joseon period. Hui (回) or Hui Hui (回回) is generally recognized as representative of Muslim culture in Chinese and Korean sources. From the $8^{th}$ century, Korean-Muslim cultural relations accelerated as an outcome of ancient Chinese-West Asian commercial transactions along the Silk Road. These contacts between Muslims and Koreans on the Korean peninsula are borne out by references to Korea found in 23 Islamic sources written between the $9^{th}$ and $16^{th}$ centuries by 18 Muslim scholars, including Ibn Khurdadbih, Sulaiman al-Tajir, and Mas'ud1 i. Ibn Khurdadbih was the first Arab who wrote of Muslims' residence in the Unified Silla Kingdom (661-935CE). However, in the period of Silla, we could not find any reliable written documents in Korea to show encounters between Korea and the Muslim world. In the Goryeosa (GS) chronicle, Muslim merchants who came to Korea were described as "Daesik" (大食: Tashi). Daesik (Tashi) is most probably derived from "Tajir", which means "trader" in Muslim language. Muslims' mass influx and their wide ranging influence on Korean society manifested from the late $13^{th}$ century when the Goryeo Dynasty first came under Mongol control and afterward in the early $15^{th}$ century with the new dynasty of Joseon in Korea.

• 지구물리
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2003

Generally the dynamic characteristics of stone wall structures depend on several factors such as contact, the type of interlocking bonding stones, and the filling materials. This paper describes a non-destructive technique for diagnosis of historic masonry stone structures using the measurement of natural frequency technique. For this purpose, the castle wall of Nag-An Folk Town located in Sunchon, Korea was selected as a model. The Nag-An Town Castle is one of the well maintained historical remains constructed in the Chosun Kingdom of Korea. The construction started in 1397 A.D and was finished in 1626 A.D. The non-mortar castle wall is 1470m long and the average height is 4m with a width of 3 4m. The exterior of the wall is bonded with 1 2 m rectangular rough-faced stone and the inside of the wall is filled with gravel. The traditional village still remains inside the Nag-An Town Castle, and they have a regional food festival every October. Transverse vibrations were measured at 8 points around the castle. The measured natural frequency of the first mode was 26Hz 41Hz, and the shear modulus of filling material was 2.142 x $10^3$ ~ 8.915 x $10^3$kgf/$cm^2$ . With these results, it may be assumed that the filling material is gravel or a sand-gravel mixture. It is expected that the information provided by this paper will be useful for addressing the maintenance problems of the old castle walls.