• 생태와환경
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• 제35권4호통권100호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2002

남조류에 의해 생성되는 anatoxin-a의 양과 환경요인과의 관계를 알아보기 위해 대청호에서 2001년 6월부터 2001년 11월까지 조류 및 물 시료를 채취하였다. 환경요인 중 물리적 요인은 현장에서 측정하였고, 생물${\cdot}$화학적 요인은 실험실에서 측정하였다. 조류 및 물 시료에 존재하는 anatoxin-a의 양은 fluorescence detector를 이용하여 HPLC로 측정하였고, 조류 시료와 물 시료의 경우 각각$0.61-8.68\;{\mu}g/g\;dry wt$,$0.01-0.08\;{\mu}g/L$로 측정되었다. 음용수의 안전을 고려한 anatoxin-a의 권고기준 농도는 $1\;{\mu}g/L$로 제안되고 있다. 조류세포와 물 시료에서 anatoxin-a농도가 가장 높게 검출된 시기는 7월이었다. 독소 생성에 중요한 요인을 확인하기 위해 환경요인과 anatoxin-a농도와의상호관계를 살펴보았다. 조류 시료내 anatoxin-a농도는 nitrate,총질소와 총인 비율, 총용존질소(P<0.05)및 총입자성질소와 총입자성인 비율(P<0.05)과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었고, 물 시료내anatoxin-a 농도는 수온, 전기전도도(P<0.01), 수소이온농도, phycocyanin, phycocyanin과 엽록소 a비율 (P<0.01)과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2016

This work investigated the decomposition of aqueous anatoxin-a originated from cyanobacteria using an underwater dielectric barrier discharge plasma system based on a porous ceramic tube and an alternating current (AC) high voltage. Plasmatic gas generated inside the porous ceramic tube was uniformly dispersed in the form of numerous bubbles into the aqueous solution through the micro-pores of the ceramic tube, which allowed an effective contact between the plasmatic gas and the aqueous anatoxin-a solution. Effect of applied voltage, treatment time and the coexistence of nutrients such as $NO_3{^-}$, $H_2PO_4{^-}$ and glucose on the decomposition of anatoxin-a was examined. Chemical analyses of the plasma-treated anatoxin-a solution using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were performed to elucidate the mineralization mechanisms. Increasing the voltage improved the anatoxin-a decomposition efficiency due to the increased discharge power, but the energy required to remove a given amount of anatoxin-a was similar, regardless of the voltage. At an applied voltage of 17.2 kV (oxygen flow rate: $1.0L\;min^{-1}$), anatoxin-a at an initial concentration of $1mg\;L^{-1}$ (volume: 0.5 L) was successfully treated within 3 min. The chemical analyses using LC-MS and IC suggested that the intermediates with molecular weights of 123~161 produced by the attack of plasma-induced reactive species on anatoxin-a molecule were further oxidized to stable compounds such as acetic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

In this study we developed the analytical methods for the determination of three neurotoxin; anatoxin-a, saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin using HPLC/FLD system and this analytical methods were applied to real sample; algae culture and algae extracts. For the HPLC/FLD analysis of anatoxin-a samples were concentrated on WCX(Weak Cation Exchanger) SPE and then anatoxin-a in concentrate was derivatized with NBD-F solution. Supernatant was injected on HPLC system. For the HPLC/FLD analysis of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin samples were separated on the column and then derivatizied by post column reactor for fluorescen detection. For post column reaction of saxitoxin we feed two kinds of reaction solution; Oxidizing Reagent of which composition was periodic acid(7mM) in 50mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 9 and acidifying reagent of which Composition was 0.5M acetic acid. The LOD value for anatoxin-a, saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin in HPLC/FLD method was 24.3 ng. $35{\mu}g/L$, $27{\mu}g/L$ respectively. We determined the anatoxin-a content of lyophilized anabaena flos-aquae and $20{\mu}g/g$ d.w. of anatoxin-a was detected. We analyzed saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin in algae culture media and extracts of lypopyllized algal cell cultured and that of Deachung reservior. Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin in real sample were below the limit of detection. Although there are various water treatment processes for removing neurotoxins were suggested no process give simultaneous and complete removal of neurotoxins. It was cocluded that nanofiltration which reject material by size can be a process for removal of neurotoxins.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2002년도 춘계공동학술대회 및 심포지움 초록집
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• pp.60-60
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• 2002

• 생태와환경
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2011

This study was purposed to develop an effective LC/MS/MS method for simultaneously determining five pre-treated cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, microcystins-RR, -YR, -LR and -LA) of cyanobacteria blooms. Cyanobacterial bloom samples were collected from 11 major lakes and three downstream areas of river around Korea during 2005~2009. Cyanotoxins were identified in 38 samples from the lakes. The validity of the method was evaluated and the recovery rates were found ranging from 83~87%. The MDL turned out to be $0.046\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for anatoxin-a and $0.066\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for microcystins (RR, YR, LR and LA), which indicates that the method has high sensitivity and accuracy. The most dominant genus of the cyanobacterial blooms was Microcystis, which accounted for 71% of the analysed samples. Microcystis also contained the largest amount of microcystins ($398.5\;{\mu}g\;gDW^{-1}$) among the analyzed cyanobacteria. The analysis of the five cyanotoxins showed that anatoxin-a ranged between $0{\sim}41.833\;{\mu}g\;gDW^{-1}$ and microcystins ranged between $6.311{\sim}2,148.786\;{\mu}g\;gDW^{-1}$. Among the microcystins, micocystin-RR took up 58.3%, the largest portion. Anatoxin-a was found to account for 77.8% of the samples. This study has its significance in that it allowed the establishment of toxin criteria appropriate for the Korean water systems. Further studies may be necessary to conduct for improving water treatment methods.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2011

아나톡신-a는 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria 등의 남조류에서 생성되는 신경독소로 강한 독성을 나타낸다. 국내에서는 영천호 등의 호소에서 최근 Anabaena에 의한 수화현상이 늘어나고 안전한 상수원수의 확보를 위하여 아나톡신-a의 미량분석이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 아나톡신-a를 고상추출한 뒤 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F)로 형광 유도체화시켜 고성능액체크로마토그래프-형광검출기(HPLC-FLD)로 분석하였다. 시험방법 validation 결과 직선성, 회수율, 재현성에서 모두 좋은 값을 나타내었으며, 방법검출한계(MDL)은 조체 시료의 경우 $0.034\;{\mu}g/g$, 물 시료의 경우 $0.022\;{\mu}g/L$로 비교적 좋은 감도를 얻을 수 있었다. 국내 안동호, 영천호 및 대청호에서 채취한 조체와 물 시료에서 아나톡신-a의 농도를 분석한 결과 조체 시료에서는 $0.135\sim10.979\;{\mu}g/g$의 농도로 검출되었으며, 물 시료에서는 검출되지 않았다.

• ALGAE
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2003

Cyanobacteria were dominant from June to September in the Nakdong River and the Hoedong Reservoir. Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant from June to September; Anabaena flos-aquae from June to August and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae from July to August. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins, Anatoxin-a and saxitoxin were analyzed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry with strains of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NIES-81 and Anabaena flosaquae NIER-10002. Anatoxin-a was not detected from the cultured Anabaena flos-aquae nor from the wild samples. Low levels of saxitoxin were detected in the cultured Aphanizomenon flos-aquae however, those of field samples were below the detection limit.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2009

Algae bloom occurred in reservoir in summer can cause taste and odor in water and disturb the flocculation and sedimentation processes in water treatment plant and cause sand filter plugging. It was also reported that microcystins, anatoxin and saxitoxin released from cyanobacteria had acute toxic effects on liver and nervous system. For these reasons, many advanced countries inclusive of WHO set the guideline for these toxins and cyanotoxins have been managed with regular monitoring in Korea as well. However, complex sample preparation steps such as a solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization are required with an existing analysis method with HPLC. We needed to improve an analysis method for low extraction efficiency and long sample preparation time. In this study, we have established a new LC/MS/MS method which can simultaneously determine 6 cyanotoxins (Microcystins-LR, Microcystins-RR, Microcystins-YR, Anatoxin-a, Saxitoxin, Neosaxitoxin) with only simple filtration step. When $75{\mu}L$ filterated sample was injected onto the LC-MS/MS, the recovery ranged from 86% to 112% and the MDL was $0.025{\sim}0.581{\mu}g/L$. We can make the MDL be lower than the guideline ($1{\sim}3{\mu}g/L$) of advanced countries with simple preparation.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2000년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.151.2-151
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• 2000

• ALGAE
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2002

Population dynamics of Anabaena and the anatoxin-a concentration were monitored with physicochemical parameters at 3 sites in the lower Naktong River from May to September in 2000. Total 4 species of Anabaena (A. flosaquae, A. smithii, A. ucrainica and A. mucosa) were identified with morphological characterisitcs. Anabaena flos-aquae was most abundant among the populations. The standing crop of Anabaena ranged from 10 to 11,220 cells · $ml^{-1}$ and biomass of Anabaena more 1,000 cells · $ml^{-1}$ was obseved once at St. Mulgeum and St. Seonam, twice at St. Hagueon out of total 9 samplings. There were not significant correlations between the standing crop of Anabaena and other physicochemical parameters such as temperature, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phophorus and N/P ratios. The frequency of trichomes with akinetes was low and ranged from 0 to 4% in the total Anabaena population and A. smithii showed highest frequency of 2.8% among all species. The population at St. Seonam showed highest frequency of 1.4% among all sampling sties. The population in September showed the highest frequency of 3.0% among all sampling period. The frequency of trichomes with heterocysts was low and ranged from 1 to 87% inthe total Anabaena population and A. smithii showed highest frequency of 55.1% among all species. The population at St. Mulgeum showed highest frequency of 17.6% among all sampling sites. The population in August showed the highest frequency of 21.4% among all sampling period. The frequency of trichomes with akinetes and/or heterocysts was not related to all the physicochemical parameters of temperature, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phosphorus and N/P ratios. The anatoxin-a concentations were determined in algal materials dominated by Microcystis and Anabaena from June though August by derivatization using 7-fluoro-4-nitro-2, 1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) and HPLC analysis with fluorimetric detection. All the concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.1 ㎍ · $l^{-1}$ in the present study.