• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.241-255
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• 2005

Objectives : In order to comprehend and utilize external therapy, we considered that we needed to research Wu Shi-Ji who was a medical specialist of external therapy. We looked at the special study on external therapy in his book, ${\ll}li-yao-pian-wen{\gg}$, especially ; in this part his generai approach to external therapy was well-detaiied. Methods : We translated and analyzed . Results : In , he gives a supplementary explanation about the insufficient attention paid to external therapy, 膏(gao) - (ti) 坐(zuo) (yu) 抹(mo) 纏法(chan fa), through San Jiao(三焦). And he insisted on his conception of external therapy: ointment(膏) and the moth of sneezing, sitting on herbs(坐), steaming or attaching herbs patients's navel, rubbing(抹) and binding(縛), based on ${\ll}nei-jing{\gg}$ and ${\ll}shang-han-lun{\gg}$. He put forward the general rules of external therapy using those methods. And through , he explained that the efficacy of his external therapy was basically the same as internal therapy and medicine, the only difference was in the method. In addition, this external therapy has some merits when compared with internal medicine. First, it's easier to diagnose a disease and treat patients compared to internal medicine. For instance, when a patient has a problem with his abdomen, we just have to diagnose a disease of the abdomen and treat using one method of external therapy on the abdomenal area. Second, external therapy has fewer side effects. And third, we can utilize the meridian theory when we use external therapy. Conclusions : Through , we basically understood his conception of external therapy. Although more research is needed, we suggest that we need to enlarge our usage of external therapy, not just confine ourselves to smaller areas of focus. His point of view suggests that external therapy is not merely an adjunct to internal therapy, but an interdependent course of study and action in its own right.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2010

This study was conducted to suggest potential future directions in the effective operations of food safety information on the internet. This study consisted of two sections. The first section was a survey that was performed by 186 dieticians in Daegu and Gyeongbuk area. The second section was the assessment of the quality of food safety information on the internet. 163 web sites that provided food safety information on three major searching engines using the search words 'food safety' and 'HACCP' were investigated. The trained panels evaluated the contents of the web sites using a 3-point scale assessment tool. The data collected data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed using the SPSS package program (version 14.0). The results of this analysis were as follow. The primary purpose of internet usage by detitians was to search for information (87.2%). In addition, the detitians' satisfaction degree of food safety information on the internet was 3.17 out of 5 points. The operators of web sites that were evaluated by the researchers were business and industries (76.1%), public organizations (15.3%), and individuals (8.8%). The following four items, update of content, offer scientific basis or explanation of content, offer useful information and new informations, should be improved immediately. Among evaluation items, six items were shown to be significantly different according to the operators of web sites. The evaluation scores of web sites that were operated by public organizations were significantly higher than those of web sites operated by individuals or business and industries. In conclusion, regular and consistent qualitative evaluation of web sites is needed to improve the quality of information that is provided via the internet. In addition, web sites that provided information on food safety should be actively operated by public organizations.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.627-641
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• 2022

본 연구는 많은 초등 교사들이 어려움을 호소한 '지구와 우주' 영역 중 '지구와 달의 운동' 단원에서 달 관측이 시작되는 첫 차시인 '하루동안 태양과 달의 위치는 어떻게 달라질까요?'에 대한 교사의 인식을 깊이 알아보며 후속 차시와 관련 활동 지도에 도움을 주고자 한 연구이다. 설문 문항은 교과서 설명, 탐구활동, 학습 목표 달성, 기타 의견 4가지로 범주화하여 제작하였고, 과학 심화 전공, 교직 경력, 본 단원 지도 경험을 구인으로 하여 설문 문항별 인식이 어떻게 다른지 분석하였다. 또한, 서술형 문항을 통해 설문에 참여한 교사들의 보다 다양한 견해를 파악할 수 있었다. 설문은 경기도 소재 초등학교에 재직하고 있는 67명의 교사가 참여하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 하루동안 태양과 달의 위치 변화 교과서 서술에 대해 교사들은 긍정적인 인식과 부정적인 인식이 비슷하게 나타났다. 둘째, 하루 동안 태양과 달의 위치 변화 탐구활동 지도시 교사들 대부분이 대체 방법을 활용하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러한 경향은 대상이 태양·달일 경우 모두 상관이 없었고, 심화 전공, 교직 경력, 지도 경험에도 차이를 보이지 않았다. 셋째, 대부분의 교사들은 본 차시 학습을 통해 학습 목표를 달성할 수 있을 것이라고 응답하였다. 그런데 설문에 참여한 많은 교사들이 태양과 달의 위치 변화 지도에 다양한 어려움을 호소하였고, 대부분 대체 방법을 활용하는 것으로 나타났기에 이러한 결과는 교사들이 직접 관측을 하지 않아도 대체 방법을 통해 학습 목표를 달성할 수 있다고 여기는 인식을 보여준다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.525-547
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• 2015

본 연구는 교사가 수업에서 사용하는 수학언어의 특징을 분석하기 위하여 고등학교 1학년의 '이차함수와 이차방정식의 관계'를 설명하는 교과서 텍스트와 교사의 수업담화를 비교하였다. 분석 자료는 고등학교 수학1의 '이차함수와 이차방정식의 관계'에 대한 수업의 녹취록과 수업에 사용된 교과서 텍스트이며, 이 자료를 Halliday(1994)의 체계기능언어학에 따라 담화의미 층위와 어휘문법 층위로 구분하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 교과서는 의미의 상하관계를 이용한 일반화, 명사화를 통한 수학적 대상화, 주제부의 변화를 이용한 의미의 구체화와 같은 어휘문법 전략을 사용하여 구체적인 예시로부터 일반화를 통해 수학적 개념을 구성하는 설명방식을 사용하였고, 이 과정에서 담화의미 층위와 어휘문법 층위의 조직적인 상호작용이 나타났다. 반면에 교사의 설명은 동사성의 변화와 이유 및 절차 담화의 추가를 통해 이차함수와 이차방정식의 관계를 구성해가는 과정으로 이루어졌다. 교사 설명담화의 언어적 특징으로는 맥락적 생략으로 인한 화용적 함축과 어휘소의 누락이 나타났으며, 담화의미 층위에 영향을 주는 구조적인 어휘문법 자원의 사용은 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 수학수업 담화를 분석하는 새로운 틀을 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.251-272
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• 2005

수학 수업에서 핵심적인 역할을 하는 과제의 인지적 수준은 교수${\cdot}$학습 과정 동안 다양하게 변할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 4개의 6학년 수학교실에서 '비와 비율' 단원에 제시된 주요 과제들을 대상으로 우리나라 수학교실에서 나타나는 과제 설정과 실행 패턴은 어떠한지, 그리고 그 패턴에 영향을 미치는 교실 요인은 무엇인지 면밀하게 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 초기의 높은 수준의 인지적 과제가 수업 내내 전반적으로 유지되는 경우도 있었으나, 여러 가지 요인에 의해서 의미와 연계되지 않은 절차, 비체계적인 탐구, 불충분한 탐구로 쇠퇴하는 경우도 있었다. 이에 본 연구는 수학 시간에 교사가 특히 주의해야 할 요인을 밝히고, 전반적으로 정적인 의미의 분석보다는 수학적 과제의 인지적 수준이 변화하는 과정에 대한 이해 및 분석의 중요성을 강조한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.97-113
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• 1971

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preoperative anxiety of surgical patients and to observe the effects of an experimental nursing process on the incidence of vomiting, the number of analgesics used and the voiding ability of surgical patients within a 48 hour postoperative period and also the number of postoperative days in the hospital. This study me based on a sample of 51 patients who were scheduled for abdominal surgery. They were assigned alternately to experimental and control groups. Patients assigned to the experimental group were given nursing care by the writer, using an experimental nursing process. This is a process directed toward helping the patient obtain a suitable psychological state for surgery. This process was performed by use of the following steps: 1. The nurse approached the patient with interest and concern, and observed the patient's behavior to determine the presence of anxiety. 2. The nurse explored further to find out what was causing the anxiety and what was needed too relieve it. 3. The nurse listened carefully lo the patient. 4. The nurse gave an opportunity for expression of individuality. 5. The nurse showed friendliness and reassured the patient 6. The nurse gave instruction about deep berating, turing and coughing and gave an explanation of routine preoperative preparation which decreased the unknown and so decreased the patient's anxiety- The findings of this study are as follows: 7. The investigation of preoperative anxiety through observing and interviewing revealed patients were concerned about the following: a. Length of stay in the hospital 69.7% (31 cases) b. Condition unimproved o. worse 48.,8% (30 cases) c. Postoperative pain and discomfort .56.8% (29 cases) 2. The results of the study regarding the four hypothesis were as follows: a. Preoperative psychological care not reduce the number of analysis needed during the 48 hour period following surgery. b. Preoperative psychological care did not reduce the Postoperative incidence of vomiting c. Preoperative psychological care had no influence on voiding ability following surgery. d. Preoperative psychological care significantly reduced the number of postoperative days in tile hospital. The experimental nursing process proved to be successful in decreasing the length of postoperative hospitalization (improving rate of healing). This study has demonstrated further that the relief of anxiety (emotional distress) is part of the nurse's professional role. In order to be sure psychological care is given it is important to make a nursing care plan which .includes a plan for the psychological care needed by the patient. As this care is given it can be charted off by each nurse just as medication and treatments are checked after they are given.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2011

목적: 말기암환자들이 보완대체요법을 선택하게된 주관적 경험을 파악하여, 대상자 입장에서의 당위성을 이해하고 이용과정에서 발생할 수 있는 현상들을 이해함으로써 좀 더 바람직하고 효율적인 이용을 위한 호스피스 완화의료 중재를 하는데 기여하고자 실시하였다. 방법: 심층면담한 내용을 Colaizzi(1976)의 방법을 이용하여 귀납적이고 서술적인 기술과 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 말기암환자와 가족들이 보완대체요법을 선택한 4가지 범주는 첫째 현대의학의 한계 인식, 둘째 보완대체요법의 효과에 대한 신뢰, 셋째 가족의 정서적 욕구 충족 넷째, 의사의 부정적인 태도로 인한 불신이었다. 주제모음은 9가지로 '불가능한 완치에 대한 기대', '병원치료에 대한 불확실성', '항암치료의 부작용을 해결하기 위한 보조적 수단', '증상완화와 생명연장을 위함', '암치료의 부작용에 대한 두려움', '체험과 정보에 대한 신뢰', '타인의 권유', '가족으로서 도리를 다함', '의사의 부정적 태도에 불만족'이었다. 결론: 암환자의 치료 결정과정에서 대상자와 의사가 바람직한 의사소통과정을 통하여 현대의학 치료에 대한 설명이 충분히 이루어져서 대상자가 일반적인 호스피스 완화의료 서비스를 이용하고 과학적인 근거에 바탕을 둔 보완대체요법에 대한 정확한 정보 제공이 필요하다고 본다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.305-319
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• 1999

The objective of this study were to evaluate the relation between post-examination management states of dental caries in elementary school students and a mother's dental health beliefs. We systematically chose 10 elementary school in urban and rural areas of Chungnam Province and determined the first class students of 5 and 6 grade in each school as study subjects. Among 837 participants, 669 students were diagnosed with dental caries after a 1998 periodic dental health examination was answered completely and analysed. The contents of the questionnaire for students were general characteristics, dental health behaviors, notification factors, treatment factors. Their mothers were surveyed by another questionnaire. The contents of the questionnaire for mothers were also general characteristics, dental health behaviors, and dental health beliefs. The result of this study were as follows 1. The prevalence of dental caries was 65.0% and there was no significant difference between urban and rural areas. 2. Meanwhile, 63.8% of students in urban areas knew the examination result through a doctor's explanation, 52.4% of students in rural areas learned through a school notification letter, 82.9% of all the students let their parents know of their dental caries. 3. Among the dental caries group, 36.3% of the students were treated as for treatment, most students in urban areas visited a dental clinic, but those in rural areas visited the dental dept of a public health center as for the treatment time, 35.9% of the students were treated immediately after the examination. 4. 44.9% of those treated answered that they felt they needed treatment; 67.2% of those not treated answered that they considered the treatment as a bother and unnecessary due to no pain. 5. Overall, the scores in the dental health beliefs in mothers were low. Especially among the 5 items of susceptibility and seriousness, the scored were very low but the benefit was high. Logistic regression analysis showed that the treatment of a child's dental caries was significantly associated with low scores of benefit in those untreated and high scores among those treated. Considering these results, health education to stimalate a mother's susceptibility and seriousness in health beliefs and for students to learn the need for treatment, including a more detailed post exam management system at the school level should be considered for a higher treatment rate.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2003

Purpose: This research with one group pre-post design was carried out to test the practical feasibility to administrate the Music Movement program developed for the stroke patients. Subjects: 12 stroke survivors at "J" Public Health Center in Seoul. were participated in. The average age was 68 years old, the ratio of sex was almost 5.8:4.2, the duration of was almost over 1 year. Method: Music Movement program was conducted for 2 hours ${\times}$ 1day ${\times}$ 6 weeks. The contents of Music Movement program were consisted of the preparatory activities, main activities and the wrap up activities. The preparatory activities are ice braking, greeting, explanation of the aims of music movement program, and introduction of stroke disease and ROM exercise. The main activities are the body motions with singing and playing musical instruments. The wrap up activities are stretching and joints and discussion of home activities. Data Collection: The outcome variables are muscle strength, finger pinch power, ROMs, flexibility, depression, and life satisfaction. Depression was measured by CES-D(Kim, I. J., 1999), life satisfaction by ladder scale(McDowell & Newell, 1996), and ADL state(Holbrook & Skilbeck, 1983). Data Analysis: SPSS/PC 10.0 for Window was used. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to analyze outcome measures. The level of statistical significance was set at p<.05. Results: This program was effective to decrease the depression level of subjects(p<.05). The muscle strength, hand grip power, ROMs, life satisfaction, and rehabilitation state of the subjects were slightly increased but no significant differences were found between the pre and post test. Additionally every patient replied that they were very satisfied and expressed their appreciation for this program very much. Of course they strongly want to continue to participate in and meet the peer group again. Conclusion: Considering these results, the practical feasibility of Music Movement program can be supported. Therefore, this Music Movement program can be examined with the quasi-experimental design with control group and ongoing reviews. After that, this program would be applied in public health centers, medical institutes, and welfare centers for the rehabilitation of stroke patients.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.99-125
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 Reigeluth 의 정교화이론에 의한 공업계 고등학교 건설 교과서 10종을 비교 분석하여 제시 요소를 파악하고 차후 교과서 편찬 시 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 첫째, 공업계 고등학교 건설과의 7차 교육과정 교과서와 2007 개정 교육과정 교과서를 분석 하여 비교가능한 대단원을 추출하고 둘째, 정교화 이론에 의한 7가지 전략 요소에 비추어 7차 교육과정 교과서 5종과 개정 교육과정 교과서 5종을 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 정교화 과정은 각 과목별 성격에 따라 개념적, 절차적, 이론적 정교화가 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 둘째, 7가지 전략요소 중 인지전략의 활성자가 가장 활발히 활용되고 있으며 비유는 10종 교과서 모두에서 활용되고 있지 않았고, 선수학습능력의 계열화 전략은 간단한 사진과 설명으로 제시되었을 뿐, 실제적으로 선수학습능력을 진단해보는 요소는 전 교과서가 미흡하였다. 셋째, 7차 교육과정 교과서가 개정 교육과정 교과서에 비하여 요약자 전략이 활발히 활용되었다. 넷째, 5종의 교과서 중 토목재료 시공을 제외한 전교과서는 6가지 전략 요소를 활발히 활용하였다. 마지막으로 이론과목에서 이론실습통합 과목보다 요약자 전략이 많이 사용되었고, 학습자 통제 전략은 오히려 이론실습통합 과목에서 많이 사용되었다.