• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2019

Rye was used here to dissect molecular mechanisms of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) and to go deeper with our understanding of that process in cereals. F. culmorum-damaged kernels of two lines different in their potential of resistance to FHB were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify resistance markers. The proteome profiling was accompanied by measurements of ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-amylase$ activities and mycotoxin content. The proteomic studies indicated a total of 18 spots with clear differences in protein abundance between the more resistant and more susceptible rye lines after infection. Eight proteins were involved in carbohydrate metabolism of which six proteins showed a significantly higher abundance in the resistant line. The other proteins recognized here were involved in stress response and redox homeostasis. Three remaining proteins were associated with protease inhibition/resistance and lignin biosynthesis, revealing higher accumulation levels in the susceptible rye line. After inoculation, the activities of ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-amylases$, higher in the susceptible line, were probably responsible for a higher level of starch decomposition after infection and a higher susceptibility to FHB. The presented results could be a good reference for further research to improve crop resistance to FHB.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.294-304
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate objectively measured physical activity (PA) in institutionalized older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to elucidate the influence of autonomic nervous function, salivary cortisol, and PA on cognitive functions based on neurovisceral integration model. Methods: Overall cognitive function was evaluated using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and executive function was evaluated using semantic verbal fluency test and clock drawing test. Actigraph for PA, HRV and sAA for autonomous function, and the geriatric depression scale for depression were used. Saliva specimens were collected in the morning for sAA and cortisol. Results: Ninety-eight older adults from four regional geriatric hospitals participated in the study. They took 4,499 steps per day on average. They spent 753.93 minutes and 23.12 minutes on average in sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous activity, respectively. In the multiple regression analysis, lower salivary cortisol level (β = - .33, p = .041) and greater step counts (β = .37, p = .029) significantly improved MMSE score. Greater step count (β = .27, p = .016) also exerted a significant influence on verbal fluency, and greater sAA (β= .35, p = .026) was significantly associated with a better clock drawing test result. Conclusion: Salivary cortisol, sAA and physical activity were significantly associated with cognitive functions. To prevent older adults from developing dementia, strategies are needed to increase their overall PA amount by decreasing sedentary time and to decrease salivary cortisol for cognitive function, and to maintain their sympathetic nervous activity for executive function.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2021

Purpose: While the amylase concentration of the drainage fluid (dAmy) has been reported to be a predictor of postoperative pancreas-related complications (PPRC), the optimal timing for its measurement has not been fully investigated. Materials and Methods: The clinicopathological data of 387 patients who underwent elective gastrectomy for gastric cancer were reviewed. Laboratory data, including dAmy on postoperative days 1 (dAmy1) and 3 (dAmy3), and serum C-reactive protein (sCRP) concentrations on postoperative days 1 (sCRP1) and 3 (sCRP3) were compared between patients with PPRC and without PPRC. Results: Nineteen of the 387 patients (4.9%) developed PPRC. The optimal cutoff values of dAmy1, dAmy3, sCRP1, and sCRP3 were 1514 IU/L, 761 IU/L, 8.32 mg/dL, and 15.15 mg/dL, respectively. The area under the curve of dAmy1 was greater than that of dAmy3 (0.915 vs. 0.826), and that of sCRP3 was greater than that of sCRP1 (0.820 vs. 0.659). In the multivariate analysis, dAmy1 (P<0.001) and sCRP3 (P=0.004) were significant predictors of PPRC, while dAmy3 (P=0.069) and sCRP1 (P=0.831) were not. Thirteen (41.9%) of 31 patients with both dAmy1 ≥1,545 IU/L and sCRP3 ≥15.15 mg/dL had PPRC ≥Clavien-Dindo II. In contrast, among 260 patients with both dAmy1 <1,545 IU/L and sCRP3 <15.15 mg/dL, none developed PPRC. Conclusions: dAmy1 was more useful than dAmy3 in predicting PPRC. The combination of dAmy1 and sCRP3 may be a useful criterion for the removal of drains on postoperative day 3.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2001년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.39-45
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• 2001

Extremophiles are unique microorganisms that are adapted to survive in ecological niches such as high or low temperatures, extremes of pH, high salt concentrations and high pressure. These unusual microorganisms have unique biochemical features which can be exploited for use in the biotechnological industries. Due to the high biodiversity of extremophilic archaea and bacteria and their existence in various biotopes a variety of biocatalysts with different physicochemical properties have been discovered. The extreme molecular stability of their enzymes, membranes and the synthesis of unique organic compounds and polymers make extremophiles interesting candidates for basic and applied research. Some of the enzymes from extremophiles, especially hyperthermophilic marine microorganisms (growth above $85^{\circ}C$), have already been purified in our laboratory. These include the enzyme systems from Pyrococcus, Pyrodictium, Thermococcus and Thermotoga sp. that are involved in polysacharide modification and protein bioconversion. Only recently, the genome of the thermoalkaliphilic strain. Anaerobranca gottschalkii has been completely sequenced providing a unique resource of novel biocatalysts that are active at high temperature and pH. The gene encoding the branching enzyme from this organism was cloned and expressed in a mesophilic host and finally characterized. A novel glucoamylase was purified from an aerobic archaeon which shows optimal activity at $90^{\circ}C$ and pH 2.0. This thermoacidophilic archaeon Picrophilus oshimae grows optimally at pH 0.7 and $60^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, we were able to detect thermoactive proteases from two anaerobic isolates which are able to hydrolyze feather keratin completely at $80^{\circ}C$ forming amino acids and peptides. In addition, new marine psychrophilic isolates will be presented that are able to secrete enzymes such as lipases, proteases and amylases possessing high activity below the freezing point of water.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2023

Background: Recent animal studies have suggested the role of GABA type A (GABA-_A) receptors in salivation, showing that GABA-_A receptor agonists inhibit salivary secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol (a GABA-_A agonist) on salivary secretions from the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands during intravenous sedation in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twenty healthy male volunteers participated in the study. They received a loading dose of propofol 6 mg/kg/h for 10 min, followed by 3 mg/kg/h for 15 min. Salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands were measured before, during, and after propofol infusion, and amylase activity was measured in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands. Results: We found that the salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands significantly decreased during intravenous sedation with propofol (P < 0.01). Similarly, amylase activity in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that intravenous sedation with propofol decreases salivary secretion in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands via the GABA-_A receptor. These results may be useful for dental treatment when desalivation is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.306-315
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the rest-activity circadian rhythm (RAR) using data obtained from wearable actigraph devices in hospitalized older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to investigate its relationship with salivary alpha amylase (sAA). Methods: This secondary data analysis used data from the Hospitalized Older Adults' Cognition and Physical Activity Study. Actigraph data for 3-4 days were analyzed for RAR. RAR indices such as interdaily stability (IS), intradaily variability (IV), activity level during the most active 10-hour period and during the most least active 5-hour period, and relative amplitude (RA) were calculated. Data on sAA collected in the morning and general characteristics, including body mass index (BMI), were analyzed. Results: Data from 92 hospitalized older adults with MCI were analyzed. The IS, IV, RA were 0.23, 0.73, 0.88, respectively. The average level of sAA was 77.02 U/mL, and a higher level of sAA was significantly associated with better IS and RA in the regression analysis, while age, BMI, and cognitive level were not. BMI showed positive correlations with IS and RA. Conclusion: RAR in the hospitalized older adults with MCI was attenuated, showing especially low IS, which implies they failed to maintain regular and repetitive 24-hour RAR. Increased sAA and BMI were associated with robust RAR. Nurses need to pay attention to maintain robust RAR in hospitalized older adults with MCI, and strategies should be developed to improve their RAR.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.214-220
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• 2023

Background/Aims: This study aimed to determine whether vitamin C in addition to indomethacin decreases the occurrence and severity of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) occurrence and severity. Methods: This randomized clinical trial included patients undergoing ERCP. The participants were administered either rectal indomethacin (100 mg) plus an injection of vitamin C (500 mg) or rectal indomethacin (100 mg) alone just before ERCP. The primary outcomes were PEP occurrence and severity. The secondary amylase and lipase levels were determined after 24 hours. Results: A total of 344 patients completed the study. Based on intention-to-treat analysis, the PEP rates were 9.9% for indomethacin plus vitamin C plus indomethacin and 15.7% for indomethacin alone. Regarding the per-protocol analysis, the PEP rates were 9.7% and 15.7% in the combination and indomethacin arms, respectively. There was a remarkable difference between the two arms in PEP occurrence and severity on intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses (p=0.034 and p=0.031, respectively). The post-ERCP lipase and amylase concentrations were lower in the combination arm than in the indomethacin alone arm (p=0.034 and p=0.029, respectively). Conclusions: Vitamin C injection in addition to rectal indomethacin reduced PEP occurrence and severity.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.67-71
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• 1970

본 실험(本 實驗)에서는, amylase 활성(活性)을 측정(測定)하기 위하여 starch-agar-gel-plate를 만들어 cork borer로써 9mm의 구멍을 뚫고, 각(各) 농도(濃度)의 효소(酵素)를 주입(注入)하여 일정(一定)한 온도(溫度)에서 일정(一定)한 시간(時間)동만 반응(反應)시킨 후, 0.1N-iodine액(液)으로 분해(分解)하지 않은 starch를 착색시켜, 착색안된 무착색(無着色) zone의 직경을 측정(測定)해서 비교 검토한 것으로 서 이 방법(方法)을 "cork borrer method"라고 칭하였다. starch-agar-gel-plate 상(上)에서의 무착색(無着色) zone 형성(形成)의 최적(最適) pH는, Bacillus 균(菌)이 생산(生産)하는 amylase인 biotex, spitase 등은 중성(中性) 내지 알카리성(性)에서, 사상균이 생산(生産)하는 효소인 mucor-rennin, gluco-amylase, biodiase 등에 있어서는 pH $5{\sim}7$의 범위이다. 무착색(無着色) zone 형성(形成)직경은 전분농도(濃度)가 적을수록 유리하고, 반응시간(反應時間)이 길수록, amylase activity가 강할수록 커진다. 한편 반응온도(反應溫度)에 의한 영향은 $10^{\circ}C$보다 $50^{\circ}C$에서 무착색(無着色) zone이 크게 형성(形成)된다. 따라서 starch 온도(溫度) 및 pH가 일정(一定)한 starch-agar-gel-plate를 만들고, 반응시간(反應時間) 반응온도(反應溫度) 등을 일정하게 하여주면 amylase activity 를 능률있게 측정(測定)할 수 있다. 끝으로 본 연구(本 硏究)를 위하여 연구비(硏究費)를 지급(支給)하여주신 연합재단(聯合財團)과 대학원장 이길상박사(大學院長 李吉相博士), 또 효소(酵素)를 제공하여 주신 삼중효소공업주식회사(三中酵素工業株式會社)의 김동진사장(金東振社長). 천야제약주식회사(天野製藥株式會社)(일본(日本)) 등의 여러분께 진심으로 감사드립니다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.203-212
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• 1985

전국 각지 토양으로 부터 채취한 토양균을 screening하여 ${\alpha}-amylase$를 저해하는 물질을 생성하는 균주인 Streptomyces DMC-72를 선발하였다. 이 균주가 생성하는 저해제를 acetone 침전 및 이온 교환 수지인 Amberlite IRC-50, Amberlite CG-50과 SP-Sephadex C-25를 이용하여 분리하였다. 이 물질은 ${\alpha}-amylase$ 뿐만아니라 다른 amylase와 기타 효소에 대해서도 억제작용을 나타내었다. 이 물질은 기질인 soluble starch의 가수분해에 대해서 non-competitive하게 저해작용을 보이주고 있으며 열 및 넓은 범위의 pH에서 안정한 물질이었다. 이 물질은 anthrone 시험과 IR spectrum에 의해서 oligosaccharide계 화합물임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1975

시판정제효소제(당정)와 L. bulgaricus를 이용하여 탁주류를 제조하면서 성분분석과 품질을 검토하였다. 1. 유기산의 함양에 있어서, 밀가루, 옥수수, 팔, 눌린 보리쌀 등 4종류의 원요를 통하여 917~1,350mg/ml의 lactic acid가 생성되었으며 succinic acid는 6~32mg/100m1이다. 종내의 누주중의 유기담으로서 는 lactic acid와 succinic acid가 대표적으로 많이 합유된 유기산인데 비하면 suceinic acid의 함양은 현저하게 적다. 이외에 종내의 탁주에서 검출되여 알려진 유기산에는 citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric, malonic acid, oxalic acid 등이 있으며, citric acid와 malic acid는 비교적 그외의 산보다 많은데 비하여 본실험의 것에서는 fumaric acid와 malonic acid는 검출되지 않았였고 눌린 보리쌀을 사용했을때, 6.5mg/100m1의 citric acid를, 그리고 밀가루와 옥수수를 사용하였을때 각각 1.7 mg/100ml와 1.4 mg/ml의 malic acid를 생성하였을뿐 그외는 흔적으로 검출되었다. 2. fusel oil의 조성은 원요와 효소제의 종유에 관계없이 대동소이하다. 즉, i-amyl alcohol는 (1.50~2.77)$\times$$10^{-2}$g/100m1로서 공통적으로 가장 많고, i-butyl alcohol는 (0.68~1.30)$\times$$10^{-2}$g/100m1이며 n-propyl alcohol는 (0.20~0.34)$\times$$10^{-2}$g/100m1, $\beta$-phenyl ethyl alcohol는 0.18$\times$$10^{-2}$g/100m1 이하의 순으로 적다. 종내의 효소제에 의한 것도 누룩을 사용하였을때 0.70$\times$$10^{-2}$g/100m1의 $\beta$-phenyl ethyl alcohol을 예외로 하면 각각 상기범전에 들어있다. 3. 아미노산의 조성분은 홍등의 실험에서와 같이 17종을 함유하고 있으며 총아미노기양에 있어서 본실험의 것이 31mg/100m1로서 비교적 적으나 주유의 조미성분으로서 중요한 glycine과 alanine이 0.6023 mg/100m1와 4.3129 ml/100ml 검출되었다.