• Journal of Industrial Technology
• /
• v.30 no.A
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2010

We analyzed the effects of several process variables on the $SO_2$ removal and particle growth by the dielectric barrier discharge - photocatalysts hybrid process. In this process, $SO_2$ was converted into the ammonium sulfate ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$) particles. The size and crystallinity of ammonium sulfate particles were examined by using TEM and XRD analysis. The dielectric barrier discharge reactor consisted of two zones: the first is for plasma generation and the second is for ammonium sulfate particles formation and growth. The first zone of reactor was filled with glass beads as a dielectric material. To enhance $SO_2$ removal process, the $TiO_2$ photocatalysts were coated on glass beads by dip-coating method. As the voltage applied to the plasma reactor or the pulse frequency of applied voltage increases, the $SO_2$ removal efficiency increases. Also as the initial concentration of $SO_2$ decreases or as the residence time increases, the $SO_2$ removal efficiency increases. $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ particles continue to grow by particle coagulation and surface reaction, moving inside the reactor. Larger particles in site are produced according to the increase of residence time or $SO_2$ concentrations.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 1996

Measurement of concentration and size distribution of TSP, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate were made from Mar., 1991. to June., 1992 in Seoul. The seasonal variation of concentration and size distribution of aerosols has been investiated. Aerosol were collected and size frationated by Andersen air sampler. Size classified samples were extrated with deionized water and analyzed for ammonium, nitrate and sulfate by ion chromatography. As the results of measurement, the average of concentration and MMAD(mass median aerodynamic diameter) were $118.58 \mu g/m^3$, and $2.77 \mu m$ for TSP, $1.92 \mu g/m^3$ and $1.35 \mu m$ for ammonium, $1.34 \mu g/m^3$ and $1.58 \mu m$ for nitrate, $8.52 \mu g/m^3$ and $2.15 \mu m$ for sulfate. The Seasonal variation of concentration and size distribution was observed for ammonium, nitrate and sulfate. The concentration peak of TSP was observed in coarse particles in spring and observed in fine particles in winter. The concentration's distribution of TSP, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate was observed bimodal type during all season.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.823-832
• /
• 2004

Atmospheric aerosol particles collected in Seoul on four single days, each in every seasons of 2001, were characterized and classified on the basis of their chemical species using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z particle EPMA). Low-Z particle EPMA technique can analyze both the size and the chemical species of individual aerosol particles of micrometer size and provide detailed information on the size distribution of each chemical species. The major chemical species observed in Seoul aerosol were aluminosilicate, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, organic, carbon-rich, marine originated, and ammonium sulfate particles, etc. The soil originated species, such as aluminosilicate, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate were the most popular in the coarse fraction, meanwhile, carbonaceous and ammonium sulfate were the dominant species found in the fine fraction. Marine originated species such as sodium nitrate was frequently encountered, up to 30% of the analyzed aerosol particles.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.265-275
• /
• 2010

Mass and ion concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were measured in Yongin, downwind of the Seoul metropolitan area. Twenty-four hour average samples were collected daily for a month or so in spring and fall of both 2007 and 2008. Asian dust occurred twice in each period except in the fall of 2007. During the Asian dust period, nitrate in fine particles decreased since large amount of cations in coarse particles of Asian dust absorbed it. In spring 2008, sulfate as well as ammonium also increased in coarse particles. In spite of occasional Asian dust events, the influence of secondary formation was dominant over the period. Excessive ammonium over sulfate was enough to neutralize nitrate as well. High correlation coefficients between $K^+$ and sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium indicate a close relationship between secondary formation and biomass burning. Biomass burning and open burning are considered to be important sources of chloride.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.287-301
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate size distribution characteristics of water-soluble ionic components in the airborne particulate matter (PM) collected from an urban area in Busan using a MOUDI cascade impactor from March to October 2010. The inorganic constituents in the fine particles (${\leq}1.8{\mu}m$) predominantly consisted of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and potassium. Sulfate and ammonium concentrations showed a high correlation and similar equivalent concentrations in the fine modes including $0.18{\sim}0.32{\mu}m$, $0.32{\sim}0.56{\mu}m$, and $0.56{\sim}1.0{\mu}m$. This indicates that the main chemical component in the fine particles would be forms of ammonium sulfate such as $(NH_4)_3H(SO_4)_2$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, and $(NH_4)HSO_4$. Back trajectory analysis showed that relatively higher concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate in the fine mode, compared to the coarse mode, are caused both by domestic sources and long-range transports originated from China continent. High concentration episodes of PM both in the fine mode and the coarse mode were attributed both by anthropogenic sources, such as ship emissions and traffic emissions, and by natural sources such as seawater (sea salt), respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.291-298
• /
• 1995

An intensive field study was carried out during Aug. 1993 in Seoul to study the characteristics of summertime visibility and diurnal trend of ionic composition of ambient particles. A transmissometer, nephelometer with heated and unheated inlets, PM3 fine particle sampler, and cascade impactor were used to measure optical and particle properties of ambient air. During this study period, a weak smog episode has occurred. Light scattering by particles is the most dominant factor on total light extinction. The effect of light absorption by particles in Seoul is much higher than other major cities in U.S.A. throughout the summer and fall with relatively constant values. The effect of water on $b_{sp}$ was small during the period. The particle size distribution shows a typical bimodal one. Sulfate, ammonium, chloride, and nitrate are the major chemical species in fine fraction aerosols, about 30% of toral mass concentration. Concentraion of sulfate is higher during the daytime while those of nitrate and chloride are higher during the nighttime. Ammonium concentration is constant through the daytime.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.415-420
• /
• 2000

The daily mean concentrations of PM2.5 mass ionic species carbonaceous species and HNO3, HCl, and NH3 were analyzed at three background sites in Korea : Kangwha, Kosan, and Dongbaik during two intensive field studies between December 1996 and January 1997, Four-day backward trajectory analysis was also carried out. The mean concentrations of anthropogenic species were higher at Kangwha and Dongbaik than Kosan. At these two sites themean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium/ammonia were higher than those of Kosan. It was suggested that these two sites be considered as the background sites of the Seoul Metropolitan Area and Pusan respectively. Major chemical components in fine particles were sulfate organic carbon nitrate and ammonium for all the sites. More than 90% of sulfate were non-sea-salt(nss) sulfates and most of the nss sulfate in PM2.5 might be present as ammonium sulfates at all sites. Most of air parcels arriving a Kangwha and Dongbaik were from the northern China. At Kosan during the measurement period half of air parcels were from the northern China and the other half from the southern China. At Kosan the concentrations of anthropogenic air pollutants originated from the southern China were higher than those typically observed from the northern China.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.1043-1054
• /
• 2003

During the period from April to September 2002, the size distributions of ambient aerosol were measured at the coastal site at Hamduk in Jeju Island. Na$\^$+/, K$\^$+/, Mg$\^$2+/, Ca$\^$2+/and Cl$\^$-/ exhibited mostly a bimodal coarse mode size distribution, while ammonium and sulfate were mainly in the fine size range, with maximum at around 0.54$\mu\textrm{m}$. The average molar concentration ratio of ammonium to sulfate for fine particles was equal to 2.0${\pm}$0.9. Nitrate was evenly found in both the coarse and fine modes. Elements like Al, Fe, Cu, Mg, Na, Ti, Sr and Mn were dominant in coarse particles, with the maximum at around 5.25$\mu\textrm{m}$. S and Pb were mainly in the submicrometer size range. Other elements with a fine and coarse modes were V, Ni, Cu, Ba and Mo. The patterns of the size distributions of trace elements measured at the downtown in Jeju City were very similar to those at the coastal site in Hamduk. However, the amplitude of size fractional concentrations at Jeju City was narrower than that at Hamduk. While the mass median diameters for the chemical species originated from the natural origin such as marine and crust were relatively large, those for ammonium, sulfate, S and Pb were very small.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.803-810
• /
• 2004

Water contents in fine particles at Seoul and Gosan are estimated by using a gas/particle equilibrium model, SCAPE (Simulating Composition of Atmospheric Particles at Equilibrium). Also, sensitivity of particulate inorganic ionic concentrations on the total ionic species is estimated. Water content at Gosan is more sensitive to ambient relative humidity (RH) than Seoul. At both sites water content is most sensitive to sulfate concentration among sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. Solid salts levels and compositions are also studied.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.541-549
• /
• 2003

Aerosol measurement were carried out to investigate the characteristics of its chemical composition directly affected by the local emissions of Jeju City, Jeju Island by using an eight-stage cascade impactor from Dec. 1999 to Aug. 2000. The ambient aerosol concentrations measured at Jeju City were generally very low but the fine particle concentrations were to be higher than the US standard of PM2.5. The majority of sulfate were non sea salt and contained in the fine particles. In the fine particles, the concentrations of Na$\^$+/, K$\^$+/, Mg$\^$2+/, Ca$\^$2+/, Cl$\^$-/ and NO$\sub$3$\^$-/ had a tendency to increase during the springtime rather than the other seasons. However, the springtime sulfate and ammonium concentrations in the fine particles were slightly lower than those during the other seasons. On the other hand, associated with the coarse particles, the concentrations of ionic species except potassium and ammonium were elevated during the springtime. The calcium concentrations in the coarse particles were increased up to 8 times relative to the other seasons.