• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2004

This paper was investigated to clarify the possibility of ammonia-gas removal by essential oil. First of all, the chemical analysis was performed to analyze the composition of an essential oil by GC-MS. The monoterpenes in an essential oil react with ammonia by neutralization and their reaction mechanism was elucidated. Based on their chemical neutralized reaction, the removal efficiencies of ammonia gas were studied to derive the optimal conditions in the scrubber tower such as optimal temperature and pH. The experimental result shows that the removal efficiency of ammonia gas was achieved over 80 % by the misty aerosol dispersion of scrubber tower.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.143-153
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• 2001

Hog manure amended with sawdust (moisture 56~60% wet basis, C/N 19-21) was composted in pilot-scale vessels using continuous aeration(CA) and intermittent aeration(IA) for 3 and 4 weeks. In two subsequent runs of the same duration, composts resulting from each of the first runs were used as a biofilter on the exhaust gas from newly composting material. Conditions between each of these paired sets appeared to be similar. Ammonia was released from the biofilter material during the first week of stabilization while the compost produced ammonia after the first week of composting. In both cases substantial absorption, 61~96 %, of ammonia production from the composting raw material was achieved in the stabilizing material during the final weeks of operation and indicates the use of the stabilizing hog manure/sawdust compost as a biofilter can reduce ammonia emissions. Total $NH_3-N$ emissions during run 2 in IA was less than 2/3 of those in CA. Dry solids loss for the stabilized compost (6~8 weeks) was 19~46%.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 1984

Leaf discs isolated from the pea seedling grown in nutrient solution containing 5mM ammonia or nitrate exhibited a half level of photorespiration as compared with the nitrogen free control. The manifestation of the ammonia effect appeared somewhat earlier than that of nitrate effect, but this difference subsided as the culture periods was extended. The total amount of ${CO}_2$ fixed by leaves from nitrogen-supplemented seedlings showed approximately 1.5 fold increase over the control with the ammonia effect being manifested earlier than the nitrate effect. The activities of peroxisomal serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase were always higher with ammonia than nitrate, the two types of nitrogen source, however, had similar effect on conversion rate of glyoxylate into glycine. These results indicate that exogenous ammonia does not act directly as an effector of this aminotransferase in vivo. But changes in the level of the pool size of glycine and serine, both of which are the intermediates of photorespiratory process, suggest that exogenous ammonia inhibit the transformation of serine from glycine metabolically.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.46-52
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• 2002

Manure compost biofilter for reducing ammonia emissions at the active stage of a semi air tight and agitated bed composting of hog manure amended with sawdust were evaluated in the practical composting plant(75 m 5 m $\times$1.4 m deep). During 55 days of composting and biofiltration process, the manure compost biofilter had a ammonia reduction of 91 to 98%. Results showed that the active stage of composting maintained temperatures between 40 and 7$0^{\circ}C$ and fluctuated greatly the ammonia concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm. Ammonia concentrations in manure compost biofiltration reached within a moderate range (2-18 ppm).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.252.1-252.1
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• 2013

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a two dimensional material which has high band-gap, flatness and inert properties. This properties are used various applications such as dielectric for electronic device, protective coating and ultra violet emitter so on. 1) In this report, we were growing h-BN sheet directly on sapphire 2"wafer. Ammonia borane (H3BNH3) and nickel were deposited on sapphire wafer by evaporate method. We used nickel film as a sub catalyst to make h-BN sheet growth. 2) During annealing process, ammonia borane moved to sapphire surface through the nickel grain boundary. 3) Synthesized h-BN sheet was confirmed by raman spectroscopy (FWHM: ~30cm-1) and layered structure was defined by cross TEM (~10 layer). Also we controlled number of layer by using of different nickel and ammonia borane thickness. This nickel film supported h-BN growth method may propose fully and directly growing on sapphire. And using deposited ammonia borane and nickel films is scalable and controllable the thickness for h-BN layer number controlling.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.351-362
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• 1998

Microbial growth efficiency in the rumen was studied in sheep given hourly, 31.25 g oaten chaff with either 0.31 and 0.88 g urea or 1.88 and 5.63 g casein (exp. 1) and 33.33 g oaten chaff with 1.04 casein or 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g urea or the mixture of the casein and urea (exp. 2). Concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia increased with increasing nitrogenous supplements. Organic matter digestibility in sacco in the rumen was not different irrespective of N sources. Isoacids and valeric acid increased with increasing ingested casein but decreased with increasing urea intake. Peptide and amino acid pools in ruminal fluid increased with increasing ammonia concentrations (exp. 2) suggesting that proteolytic activity and transportation of peptides and amino acids across microbial membrane of rumen microbes may be regulated by the metabolite mechanism (intracellular amino acids and $NH_4{^+}$, respectively). Densities of total viable and cellulolytic bacteria in ruminal fluid increased with increasing ammonia levels but that of small Entodinia decreased. The density of fungal sporangia growth on oat leaf blades decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations but appeared to remain constant in the presence of casein. Efficiency of net microbial cell synthesis was 15-28% higher when ammonia concentrations increased from 100 to above 200 mg N/l regardless of N sources. In conclusion, supplementation of preformed protein had no effect on rumen digestion and microbial growth efficiency. This could not be accounted for its effect on ruminal fluid ammonia. Increased microbial growth efficiency with increasing ammonia levels may be due to a reduction in the turnover of microbial cells within the rumen.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.381-386
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• 2008

Lipophilic ammonia is toxic gas and can easily diffuse across cell membranes. Excess ammonia is implicated in the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders including hepatic encephalopathy and may result in the death. The purpose of this study was to clarify the inhibition effect of metronidazole on liver cell damage due to ammonia in human Hep G2 cell and rat hepatocytes. The effects of metronidazole were studied in ammonium chloride treated human Hep G2 cell (75 mM) and rat hepatocyte (100 mM) following $0.1{\mu}M$ metronidazole treatment. In MTZ+AC group, cell viabilities increased prominently and LDH activities decreased over 25% than AC group. Furthermore, ammonia level according to ammonium chloride treatment reduced over 30% and lipid peroxidation as an index of cell membrane damage decreased more than twice. By comparison with control, catalase activity showed more than 30% reduction in AC group while less than 10% reduction in MTZ+AC group, respectively. In addition, MTZ+AC group showed the similar cell structure as control in cell morphology study by using light microscope, and represented fluorescent intensity decrement compared with AC group in fluorescent microscopic study with avidin-TRITC fluorescent dye. And cleaved PARP expression due to ammonia reduced twofold or more in MTZ+AC group. As the results suggest, metronidazole may protect the liver cell by inhibiting cell damages due to ammonia and be used for an effective antagonist of ammonia in hyperammonemia.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.44.1-44.8
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• 2016

Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean length $14.53{\pm}1.14cm$ and mean weight $38.36{\pm}3.45g$), were exposed for 4 weeks with the different levels of ammonia in the concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L at 19 and $24^{\circ}C$. The indicators of growth performance such as daily length gain, daily weight gain, condition factor, and hematosomatic index were significantly reduced by the ammonia exposure and high temperature. The ammonia exposure induced a significant decrease in hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht), whose trend was more remarkable at $24^{\circ}C$. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also notably decreased by the ammonia exposure. Blood ammonia concentration was considerably increased by the ammonia concentration exposure. In the serum components, the glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were substantially increased by the ammonia exposure, whereas total protein was significantly decreased. But, the calcium and magnesium were not considerably changed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2006

The operational characteristics of anaerobic bioreactors in treating swine wastewater were evaluated upto hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 day and organic loading rate (OLR) of $5.1kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$ for 200 days. The bioreactors were effective in treating swine wastewaters with COD removal efficiency of $78.9{\sim}81.5%$ and biogas generation of $0.39{\sim}0.59m^3/kg-COD_r$ at OLR of $1.1{\sim}2.2kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$. The two-stage ASBF anaerobic bioreactors was effective in treating different characteristics of swine wastewaters since they showed high and stable COD removal efficiency at high OLR due to effective retention of biomass by media and staging. The effects of ammonia on anaerobic digestion were investigated by operating two-stage ASBF reactors using swine wastewaters as influent without and with ammonia removal at HRT of $1{\sim}2$ days and OLR of $2.2{\sim}9.6kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$ for 250 days. The COD removal efficiency and biogas generation of two-stage ASBF reactors was decreased by increasing influent ammonia concentrations to 1,580 mg (T-N)/L with increasing OLR to $6.3kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$, while those were increased by maintaining influent ammonia concentrations below 340 mg (T-N)/L by MAP precipitation with increasing OLR to $9.6kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$. Initial inhibition of ammonia on anaerobic processes was observed at a concentration of 760 mg (T-N)/L and the COD removal efficiency and biogas generation dropped to 1/2 at ammonia concentration ranges of $1,540{\sim}1,870mg$ (T-N)/L. It is essential to remove ammonia in swine wastewaters to an initial inhibition level before anaerobic processes for the effective removal of COD.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Generally, ammonia occurs from agricultural waste disposal. Ammonia is known as a harmful substance to the human body and has a bad influence such as eutrophication on the ecosystem. It is possible to remove the ammonia by ammonia adsorption method using natural zeolite, without external influence. However, due to the natural zeolite shape, it is hard to reuse. METHODS AND RESULTS: Electrospinning method can produce fiber with constant diameter. Moreover, electrospinning method has no limitation for selecting the material to make the fiber, and thus, it is valuable to reform the surface of adsorbent. In this study, reusable membrane was made by electrospinning method. The highest removal efficiency was shown from the membrane with 20% of zeolite included, and it has been verified that it is possible to reuse the membrane through chemical treatment. The highest ammonia removal efficiency was about 92.4%. CONCLUSION: In this study, ammonia adsorption characteristics of zeolite fibers were studied. Electrospinning method can produce zeolite fiber with even distribution. Ammonia can be removed efficiently from ion exchange ability of the natural zeolite. The result of adsorption isotherm indicated that both Freundlich model and Langmuir model provided the best fit for equilibrium data. And study on desorption has demonstrated that the ion exchange from zeolite was reversible when 0.01 M NaCl and KCl solution were used.