• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.589-597
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• 2019

In this study, 70 kinds of nutritional composition for five bokkeumbap products(spicy chicken, shrimp(saeu), haemul, nakji, and barbecue bokkeumbap) in high-frequency processed foods were analyzed. Raw data of intake amounts were collected from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Regarding proximate composition, spicy chicken bokkeumbap had lower water content and higher carbohydrate content than other bokkeumbaps, resulting in the highest total calories. The proximate composition of other bokkeumbaps were all distributed within a similar range. Vitamin content differed according to ingredients added to the bokkeumbaps. Haemul bokkeumbap had high content of vitamins B₁ and B₂, nakji bokkeumbap had high content of vitamin C and β-carotene, and barbecue bokkeumbap had high content of total niacin, folic acid, and vitamin A. For mineral content, barbecue bokkeumbap showed the highest content distribution, while nakji bokkeumbap showed the lowest content distribution. Regarding fatty acid and fat content, the highest content of fatty acids, saturated fats, and trans fats was detected in shrimp(saeu) bokkeumbap. For amino acid content, barbecue bokkeumbap showed highest content distribution. These results can be used as salient basic data for a food nutrient composition database and to significantly contribute to consumers' health.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2016

2014년 9월 동해 남서해역의 용존 영양염 분포 및 식물플랑크톤 군집구조와 우점종의 질소 화합물에 대한 이용성을 파악하였다. 용존 무기 질소(dissolved inorganic nitrogen; DIN)와 용존 무기 인(dissolved inorganic phosphorus; DIP)은 표층에서 낮고, 수심이 깊어짐에 따라 증가하였다. 반면에 용존 유기 질소(dissolved organic nitrogen; DON)와 용존 유기 인의 경우 무기태 영양염과 상반되는 분포를 보였다. DIN:DIP 비는 전체 수괴에서 약 20으로 Redfield ratio (16)보다 다소 높게 나타났지만, 혼합층의 경우 2로 식물플랑크톤의 생장에 대해 무기 질소가 제한요인으로 작용할 수 있는 것으로 보였다. 특히, 무기 질소가 제한된 혼합층에서 DON은 용존 총 질소(dissolved total nitrogen; DTN) 중 88 %를 차지하였다. 우점종 Chaetoceros debilis와 Prorocentrum minimum은 DIN 이외에 요소와 아미노산과 같은 다양한 DON을 이용하여 생장하였다. 따라서 식물플랑크톤의 DON 이용능력은 DIN이 제한된 동해에서 중요한 생존전략으로 작용할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.861-867
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• 2005

Feeding values of soybean hulls (SH) were compared to those of wheat bran (WB) for swine diets by chemical compositions, a digestion trial, a preference test by self-selection, and two feeding trials. The SH and the WB appeared to have, on airdry basis, 11.1 vs. 15.4% CP, 32.5 vs. 8.7% crude fiber (CF), 36.8 vs. 10.7% ADF, 0.6 vs. 0.1% Ca, and 492 vs. 92 ppm Fe, respectively. Lysine and total sulfur-containing amino acids in the SH were 0.66 vs. 0.37%, respectively. Apparent digestibility values of the SH were 71% for dry matter, 50% for CP, and 74% for CF. Apparent digestible energy and MEn values of the SH were 2,420 and 2,370 kcal kg$^-1$, respectively, which were comparable to those of the WB, 2,420 and 2,275 kcal kg$^-1$ (NRC, 1998), respectively. The first feeding trial was conducted with 72 crossbred growing pigs with an average weight of 29.6 kg. The pigs when fed the diets containing 0, 6 and 10% SH by replacing the WB on a weight basis for 42 days did not show significant differences in body weight gain and feed/gain ratio among the treatments. The same trends were observed in the second trial with 60 crossbred finishing pigs with an average weight of 64.5 kg when fed the diets containing 12% SH or WB for 41 days. Back-fat thickness and adjusted loin eye muscle area of the finisher pigs were also not significantly different between the two groups. When allowed to self-select from two different feed troughs containing 10% SH or WB for two weeks, two groups of 80 pigs with 10 pigs per pen consumed the two diets exactly in equal proportion. In conclusion, the soybean hulls can be included up to 10 and 12% for growing or finishing pig diets, respectively, replacing the wheat bran on a weight basis without any adverse effects on palatability of diets and animal performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.974-981
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• 2002

Faba beans (vicia faba) (FB) and lupin seeds (Lupinus Albus) (LS) were dry roasted at three temperatures (110, 130, $150^{\circ}C$) for 15, 30 or 45 min to determine the effects of dry roasting on rumen degradation of crude protein and starch free organic matter ($^{PSF}OM$). Rumen degradation characteristics of $^{PSF}OM$ were determined by the nylon bag incubation technique in dairy cows fed 60% hay and 40% concentrate. Measured characteristics of $^{PSF}OM$ were undegradable fraction (U), degradable fraction (D), soluble fraction (S), lag time (T0), and the rate of degradation (Kd). Based on the measured characteristics, rumen availability ($RA^{PSF}OM$) and bypass $^{PSF}OM$ ($B^{PSF}OM$) were calculated. Dry roasting did not have a greater impact on rumen degradation characteristics of $^{PSF}OM$ (p>0.05). S varied from 32.1 (raw) to 30.0, 27.8, 30.8% (LS) and 15.4 (raw) to 14.4, 20.8, 20.9% (FB); D varied from 65.4 (raw) to 66.3, 66.9, 55.9% (LS) and 54.9 (raw) to 55.0, 51.0, 64.7% (FB); U varied from 2.6 (raw) to 7.3, 7.0, 7.7% (LS) and 29.7 (raw) to 30.6, 28.2, 14.4% (FB); Kd varied from 6.0 (raw) to 7.3, 7.0, 7.7% (LS) and 22.4 (raw) to 24.4, 21.1, 7.9% (FB); $B^{PSF}OM$ varied from 35.5 (raw) to 33.8, 36.6, 38.2% (LS) and 41.3 (raw) to 41.5, 39.7, 47.6% (FB) at 110, 130 and $150^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore dry roasting did not significantly affect $RA^{PSF}OM$, which were 353.7, 367.9, 349.6, 336.9 (g/kg DM) (LS) and 12.82, 127.0, 133.7, 117.1 (g/kg DM) (FB) at 110, 130 and $150^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results alone with our previously published reports indicate dry roasting had the differently affected pattern of rumen degradation characteristics of various components in LS and FB. It strongly increased bypass crude protein (BCP) and moderately increased starch (BST) with increasing temperature and time but least affected $^{PSF}OM$. Such desirable degradation patterns in dry roasted LS and FB might be beneficial to the high yielding cows which could use more dry roasted $^{PSF}OM$ as an energy source for microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and absorb more amino acids and glucose in the small intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1054-1062
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• 1999

The effects of dry roasting whole faba beans (WFB) and whole lupin seeds (WLS) at 110, 130 or $150{^{\circ}C}$ for 15, 30 or 45 min on rumen (RDCP%), estimated intestinal (IDCP%) and total tract disappearance of CP (TDCP%) and intestinal availability (IARUCP%) of rumen undegraded CP (RUCP%) were determined. The RDCP values were estimated by in sacco technique by incubating nylon bags for 8, 12 and 24 h in the rumen of dairy cows. The IDCP and IARUCP values were estimated using a sequence of ruminal incubation, in vitro incubation in acid-pepsin for 1 h and then in pancreatin for 24 h of three-step in vitro procedure technique. Dry roasting at 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ decreased RDCP with correspondingly increasing IDCP. The IDCP value generally increased from 12.3(raw) to 8.6, 14.8 and 39.6% (WFB) and from 28.3 (raw) to 33.7, 36.2 and 56.2% (WLS) at 8 h rumen incubation; from 2.9 (raw) to 2.9, 4.6 and 23.3% (WFB) and from 19.6 (raw) to 19.0, 24.0 and 46.6% (WLS) at 12 h rumen incubation; from 1.3 (raw) to 1.9, 1.7 and 11.0% (WFB) and from 4.4 (raw) to 4.2, 10.7 and 36.7% (WLS) at 12 h rumen incubation as the temperatures rose to 110, 130 and $150{^{\circ}C}$ respectively. The TDCP values were always high and increased by time in the rumen, the average values of which were 97.9, 96.6; 99.2, 96.9 and 99.6, 98.7% for WFB and WLS, respectively, at 8, 12 and 24 h rumen incubation. But within the same retention time, TDCP was generally unchanged. The average IARUCP increased from 87.3 (raw) to 87.4, 88.7 and 92.0% (WFB); from 87.6 (raw) to 88.9, 91.5 and 93.0% (WLS) at roasting temperatures of 110, 130 and $150{^{\circ}C}$, respectively. It was concluded that dry roasting can shift the digestion of CP from rumen to the lower gastrointestinal tract without depressing the digestion of RUCP. The best processing condition in this study was dry roasting at $150{^{\circ}C}$ for 45 min in terms of effects on the disappearances and availability of CP. Research data on intestinal availability of individual amino acids need to be further investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1096-1103
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• 1999

A study was conducted to clarify the impact of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) on the efficiency of absorbed nitrogen use for protein deposition in growing pigs. Three levels of dietary crude protein (9.0, 11.5, 14.0% CP) were used. Each had either a sub-optimum or near optimum lysine: CP concentration (Low-lysine, 3.8 g/100 g CP and High-lysine, 5.5 g/100g CP) in order to achieve different metabolic efficiencies for nitrogen deposition (ca. 45 vs. 60%). Twelve crossbred female pigs $(59{\pm}4kg\;BW)$ were placed in metabolism cages and fitted with bladder catheters. Each pig received an excipient injection daily for the first 10-d, a pST (5 mg/d) injection for the second 10-d, and then excipient for the last 10-d. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments (2 pigs/diet) and fed 4 times per d at $92g/kg\;BW^{0.75}$ $(3{\times}maintenance)$. Means for the excipient period were compared to means for the pST period. Urinary nitrogen (N) output declined in pST-treated pigs (p<0.01) irrespective of dietary protein content or lysine level. Nitrogen retention increased by an average of 11% (p<0.01) with pST treatment (726 vs. $803mg\;N/kg^{0.75}\;BW/d$). Forty-eight percent of the absorbed N was retained with Low-lysine diets, but this increased to 53% with pST injection (+11%, p<0.01). Pigs fed High-lysine diets retained 62% of absorbed N which increased to 69% with pST (+11% p<0.01). the addition of lysine improved N use by 27% (High vs. Low, p<0.01), but the effect of lysine and pST was additive (+40%). Therefore, pST improves N retention and the efficiency of apparently absorbed N use in growing pigs (>60kg). It does so with diets having the potential for either low or high efficiencies of N use (48% and 62%). More work is needed to determine if the partial efficiency of N use improves in direct proportion to pST dose since the improvement in protein deposition is a function of pST dose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.587-594
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• 2000

At present embryonic stem (ES) cells with confirmed pluripotential properties are only available in the mouse. Recently, we were able to isolate, culture and genetically transform primordial germ cell (PGC)-derived cells from pig embryos and demonstrate their ability to contribute to chimera development in the pig. In order to determine whether the system we developed could be used to isolate embryonic germ (EG) cells from other mammalian species, we placed isolated PGCs from cattle, goats, rabbits and rats in culture. Briefly, PGCs were isolated from fetuses of cow (day 30-50), goat (day 25), rabbit (day 15-18) and rat (day 11-12), and plated on STO feeder cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM): Ham's F10 medium (1:1) supplemented with 0.01 mM nonessential amino acids, 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.1 mM $\beta$ - mercaptoethnol, soluble recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF; 40ng/ml), human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 20ng/ml) and human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF; 20ng/ml). For maintenance of the cells, colonies were passed to fresh feeders every 7-10 days. In all species tested, we were able to obtain and maintain colonies with ES-like morphology. Their developmental potential was tested by alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining and in vitro differentiation assay. For genetic transformation, cells were electroporated with a construct containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. GFP-expressing colonies were detected in cattle, rabbits and rats. These results suggest that PGC-derived cells from cattle, goats, rabbits and rats can be isolated, cultured, and genetically transformed, and provide the basis for analyzing their developmental potential and their possible use for the precise genetic modification of these species.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.723-728
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• 2009

본 연구는 감귤 부산물 TMR 사료 급여가 젖소 원유의 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 감귤 부산물을 혼합하지 않은 TMR 사료를 급여한 원유를 T0, 그리고 감귤 부산물을 혼합한 TMR 사료를 급여한 원유를 T1이라 하였다. 젖소는 홀스타인종으로 제주도 소재 낙농 목장에서 사양 시험을 하였으며, 1회에 7 마리씩 3반복 실행하였다. T0 및 T1의 산유량은 각각 24.16 및 25.97 kg이고, 체세포수는 66만 및 44만5천 개로 감귤 부산물 급여에 의해 산유량이 증가하고 체세포수가 감소하였다. T0 및 T1 원유의 총균수는 각각 $2.05{\times}10^6$ 및 $1.97{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL로 유의적 차이가 없었다. T0 및 T1 원유의 비중은 각각 1.0335 및 1.0342로 비슷하고, 적정 산도는 각각 0.14% 및 0.14%로 같은 수준을 나타내었다. 원유의 유지방 함량은 T1이 4.03%로 낮고, 유단백, 유당, 무지유고형분 및 총 고형분 함량은 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 원유의 휘발성 향기 성분은 감귤 부산물 급여에 의한 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 원유의 항산화력은 감귤 부산물 TMR 사료 급여에 의해 향상되었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

시스타틴(cystatin: CST)은 C1A류 시스테인 단백질분해효소에 대한 경쟁적 가역억제자로서 동식물류에서 파파인과 같은 캐셉신을 억제대상으로 작용하게 된다. 바이러스 유래 CST (CpBV-CST1)이 폴리드나바이러스의 일종인 CpBV (Cotesia plutellae bracovirus)에서 동정되었다. 기존 연구는 이 유전자의 과발현이 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella) 유충의 면역 및 발육을 교란한다는 것을 보여 주었다. 본 연구는 이 유전자의 단백질 기능을 분석하기 위해 세균발현시스템을 이용하여 재조합단백질(rCpBV-CST1)을 형성하여 단백질분해효소에 대한 활성억제효과를 결정하고, 곤충의 면역과 발육에 대한 생리적 억제효과를 분석했다. 이 유전자 번역부위는 138 개 아미노산으로 약 15 kDa 크기의 단백질로 추정되었다. CpBV-CST1이 먼저 pGEX 발현벡터에 재조합되고, BL21 STAR (DE3) competent cells에 형질전환된 후 0.5 mM IPTG로 4 시간동안 과발현되었다. 분리된 재조합단백질은 파파인에 대한 뚜렷한 억제효과를 나타냈다. 이 재조합단백질은 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)에 대해서 혈구소낭형성의 세포성 면역반응을 억제하고, 경구로 처리할 때 배추좀나방의 유충발육을 처리 농도에 비례하여 제한시켰다. 이상의 결과는 CpBV-CST1이 해충 밀도 억제에 응용될 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.17-17
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• 2010

Ethylene, known as a stress hormone regulate wide developmental processes including germination, root hair initiation, root and shoot primordial formation and elongation, leaf and flower senescence and abscission, fruit ripening. The acceleration of ethylene biosynthesis in plant associated with environmental and biological stresses. 1-Aminocycloprophane-1-carboxlyate deaminase(ACCD) is an enzyme that cleaves ACC into and ammonia, a precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) having ACCD can decrease endogenous ACC level of tissue, resulting in reduced production of ethylene in plants. ACC deaminse was a key enzyme for protect stressed plants from injurious effects of ethylene. ACCD gene was encoded from Pseudomonas flourescens, PGPR and was cloned in Escherichia coli. We expressed the recombinant ACCD(rACCD) containing 357 amino acids with molecular weight 39 kDa that revealed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The rACCD was purified by Ni-NTA purification system. The active form of rACCD having enzyme activity converted ACC to a-ketobutyrate. The optimal pH for ACC deaminase activity was pH 8.5, but no activity below pH 7.0 and a less severe tapering activity at base condition resulting in loss of activity at over pH 11. The optimal temperature of the enzyme was $30^{\circ}$ and a slightly less severe tapering activity at 15 - 30$^{\circ}$, but no activity over $35^{\circ}$. P. flourescens ACC deaminase has a highly conserved residue that plays in allowing substrate accessibility to the active sites. The enzymatic properties of this rACCD will provide an important reference for analysis of newly isolated ACCD and identification of newly isolated PGPR containing ACCD.