• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.270-285
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• 2017

Among milk proteins, caseins are not subjected to chemical changes during heat treatment of milk; however, whey proteins are partially denatured following heat treatment. The degree of whey protein denaturation by heat treatment is decreased in the order of high temperature short time (HTST) > low temperature long time (LTLT) > direct-ultra-high temperature (UHT) > indirect-UHT. As a result of heat treatment, several changes, including variations in milk nitrogen, interactions between beta-lactoglobulin and k-casein, variations in calcium sulfate and casein micelle size, and delay of milk coagulation by chymosin action, were observed. Lysine, an important essential amino acid found in milk, was partially inactivated during heat treatment. Therefore, the available amount of lysine decreased slightly (1~4% decrease) after heat treatment, However, the influence of heat treatment on the nutritional value of milk was negligible. Nutritional value and nitrogen balance did not differ significantly between UHT and LTLT in milk. In conclusion, our results showed that heat treatment of milk did not alter protein quality. Whey proteins denatured to a limited extent during the heat treatment process, and the nutritional value and protein quality were unaffected by heat treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1278-1284
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• 2000

An experiment was performed to evaluate different methods for preserving shrimp by-products and to determine their chemical composition. In the first experiment three ratios of shrimp by-product (SBP) to molasses (6:1, 4:1 and 3:1, wet weight), and to cassava root meal (3:1, 2:1 and 1:1, wet weight of shrimp by-product and air-dry weight of cassava root meal) were investigated. The pH of the SBP ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1, and with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1, decreased during the first week to below 4.5 and remained low up to day 56 of ensiling, whereas the pH of the mixtures with higher ratios of SBP remained above 7.0, and the material deteriorated rapidly. The dry matter decreased initially in all treatments but then increased slightly from day 28 in the treatment where shrimp by-product was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. The crude protein (CP) and ammonia-N $(NH_3-N)$ contents of the preserved shrimp by-product material ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 increased significantly one week after ensiling. The CP content then remained constant, while the $NH_3-N$ concentration continued to increase up to 56 days after ensiling. When SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1 the CP content of the silage increased significantly up to 21 days after ensiling and then decreased back to the original level after 56 days, whereas $NH_3-N$ increased markedly up to 14 days and then remained fairly constant up to 56 days. However, the $NH_3-N$ content was significantly higher when SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal than with molasses. A balance experiment was carried out, arranged as a double Latin-square and including 6 F1 (Large White ${\times}$ Mong Cai) castrates fed randomly one of three diets based on cassava root meal, rice bran, and fish meal (FM) or shrimp by-product ensiled with molasses (SBEMO) or with cassava root meal (SBECA) as the main protein source. Apparent organic matter and CP digestibilities were significantly (p<0.001) higher for the fish meal diet than for the two shrimp by-product diets, although CP digestibility in SBEMO and SBECA was similar (p>0.05). N-retention was significantly higher for the fish meal diet than for the SBEMO diet, which in turn was significantly higher than for the SBECA diet (p<0.01). It can be concluded that shrimp by-product can be preserved by ensiling with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 or with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. Nutrient digestibility and N-retention of diets based on these shrimp by-product silages were lower than for similar diets based on fish meal, probably due to their high chitin content and inferior amino acid balance.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.1-10
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• 1988

조사포닌을 복강내 투여하면 1) 핵내의 RNA polymerase의 활성도, 2) 핵내의 RNA합성, 3) 세포질의 RNA합성,4) 세포질내의 폴리리보좀 함량, 5) in vitro 상태에서의 쥐간의 polysome과 micro-some으로의 아미노산 유입율, 6) 방사능 표지된 아미노산의 혈청 단백질로의 유입율이 증가하였음을 과거에 보고 한 바 있으며 또한 4주간 조사포닌을 투여한 쥐에서 적출한 간세포를 전자 현미경으로 조사한 결과, 조면 소포체가 상당히 증가하였으며 초원심분리기로서 막에 결합한 ribosome에서의 polysome함량의 증가를 확인하였다. 최근 streptozotocin으로 유도한 단백질 결핍성 당뇨병 쥐에 $Rb_2$를 계속적으로 주사한 결과 blood urea nitrogen과 간내의 urea 농도가 현저히 감소하였으며 혈청내의 총단백질과 알부민의 농도가 대조군의 수치에 비하여 증가한 반면 간내의 RNA와 총 ribosome, 막에 결합된 ribosome의 함량이 증가하였다. 또한 $Rb_2$투여로 혈청내의 총단백질로의 방사능 표지 전구물질의 유입량이 증가하였으며 당뇨쥐에서의 질소균형을 개선시켰다. 이러한 실험적 결과에 근거하여 인삼 사포닌은 대사를 촉진시키고 RNA, 단백질 합성 등을 촉진하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1973

I. Subject of the Study: Studies on the economical nutrition supplement of cereal foods for the improvement in our notional eating habits. II. Purpose and Importance of the Study: 1. Our nation is confronted with the situation that the rice, a principal food, short of some essential amino acids, lysine and threonine, leads to imbalanced meals insufficient in the nutrient of protein, to bring many difficulties in the elevation of our national physique. 2. The shortage of even the rice imperfect in the nutrient of protein makes the import of lots of foreign rice inevitable. It is considered that the protein supplement and decrease in the consumption amount, of rice, is a serious key to the solution of our food difficulty, and then a way of the proetin supplement of rice through the addition of essential amino acid is to be rarely applied in the view of the our present finance and situation. 3. In the present experiment, therefore, it aims to the suggestion of an aspect of the improvement in our national eating habits guiding in the nutrition elevation which our nation can afford economically through the development of first, a way of the protein supplement by the mixture of cereals producted plentifully in our country, and second, a way of the decrease in the consumption amount and the improvement in the nutrition of rice through the substitution of the other cereals for rice. III. Contents of Scope of the Study: 1. Objects of the study: Objects of the study are the following three items; a) The nutrition supplement of rice through the mixture of cereals. Our nation makes mainly rice as a principal food, but practically many kinds of cereal are produced in our country. They contain different levels and qualities of each nutrient and they are different from one another in the kinds of essential amino acid consisting protein. For that reason, the mutual complement efficeincy of insufficient nutrients is observed through the mixture of cereals. b) The nutrition supplement of rice through the addition of superior protein sources to rice, a principal food. The development of rice as superior foods in the sense of nutrition is conducted through the risement in protein quality by the addition of protein sources in good quality, for example, fish flour (anchovy flour), egg powder, milk powder, and so on, and through the supplement of vitamins and minerals. c) The decrease in the consumption amount of rice through the substitution of the other cereals for rice, as a principal food. The compensation for the short amount of rice is made by the reduction in the consumption of rice through the discovery of a way of substitution of the other cereals for rice, as a principal food and of the settlement of problems in nutrition and finance subsequent to this. 2. Contents of the study: a) An ideal mixture-ratio of cereals is established for rats by feeding mixed foods(rice-barely or rice-wheat) containing 5%, 15%, 25%, 35% and 45% level of either barely or wheat. b) The nutritive value is determined in the whole subsititution of other foods for rice, and then, a way of the complement of over and under nutrients is devised. c) The ideal combination is investigated for rats through feeding mixed foods of main food, rice and supplement foods of protein sources, soy bean, fish flour, egg powder and milk Powder. d) According to results from the above three experiments, the concise functional test for men and the examination of economical property are made. 3. Scope of the study: a) The observation of the effect of each diet on the growth rate for rats. The growth rate of rats was observed for 15 groups of mixed foods of a main food, rice, and wheat flour, barley powder or soy bean powder, respectively, and 12 groups of wheat flour diets supplemented with $1{\sim}3%$ milk powder, and rice or wheat flour diets supplemented with 5% of milk powder, egg powder, fish flour or soy bean powder, respectively. b) The determination of food consumption. The food consumption was determined at weekly intervals for 27 kinds of diet described in a) item. c) The determination of food efficiency rate. The food efficiency rate for each diet was determined by calculation from the gained body weight and the food consumption amount at the same intervals described in b) item. d) The determination of protein efficiency rate. The protein efficiency rate for each diet was determined by calculation form gained body weight and the protein amount of the food consumption amount at the same intervals described c) item. e) The determination of the body component. The hematocrite and hemoglobin levels in the blood, total nitrogen in the serum, blood sugar, and lipids and glycogen in the liver were determined. f) The observation of nitrogen balance. As a means of the observation of nitrogen balance, the total nitrogen in the urine was determined. g) The analysis of economical property. The economical property was analyzed as the gained body weight to the amount equivalent to one won through the conversion of the food consumption amount into money. h) The functional test for men. The concise functional test for men was made in order to establish if the best diet for experimental animals can be applied to men. IV. Results of the Study: The national food product plan, nationwide nutritive enlightment and the improvement activities in our country eating habits, especially, mixed and powder food problems are to be significantly referred, and the following results must be applied. a) In the mixed foods of cereals, the mixed food of the rice-barley containing $5{\sim}15%$ level of barley is best in terms of nutrition. b) The addition of superior protein sources, egg, Bilk, soy bean, or fish, respectively to either rice or wheat flour makes a great risement in the nutritive value. c) The animal protein is more effective in the elevation of nutritive value of cereals. d) Rice takes the most nutritive operation and has the highest preference, among rice, wheat flour and barley. e) Wheat flour is more economical than rice in evaluation of the gained body weight to the regular money, and the addition of fish or soy bean is more economical than that of any other supplement food. But the above results are true of the range of nutrition and economical property. f) The study on the nutrition composition and barley will lead to the improvement in our national eating habits as mixed food of the rice-barley containing $5{\sim}15%$ level of barley is more nutritive. g) This study on the nutrition only for the growing animal can not be considered as a perfect and entire evaluation. Consequently, the perfect data for our national nutrition can be obtained from the experiment similar to this for the much longer period examining, in details, the growth rate, change of physical strength, mental and bodily change, average life span, and resistance ability to infectious diseases.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-31
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• 1981

뽕나무의 古條揷木에 있어서 不定根의 發根力과 가장 密接한 關係가 있다고 생각되는 要因으로서 揷穗의 組織學的인 差異와 生理作用에 重要한 役割을 하는 生長調節物質을 生物的으로 檢定하고, 그 物質의 作用과 糖類, C/N率, 核酸, 아미노酸等 含有物質이 뽕나무의 發根力과 어떤 關係가 있는지를 究明하기 爲한 試驗을 實施하여 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 뽕나무는 系統과 品種에 따라 그 發根力에 큰 差가 있었다. 發根력力이 가장 强한 系統은 M. Lhou(51.00%${\pm}$, 그 다음이 M. alba(37.27%${\pm}$47.59)이며, M. bombycis(31.25%${\pm}$29.11)가 가장 낮았다. 그리고 品種的으로는 檢持, 仲間木, 甲選, 薄葉魯桑이 發根力이 가장 强했고 改良鼠返, 荊桑, 鶴田이 가장 弱했다. 2. 古條揷木에 있어서 發根力과 密接한 關係가 있는 組織的인 差는 厚膜組織을 이루는 石細胞群의 配列狀態로서 發根力이 弱한 品種은 皮層內에 이 組織이 2~3層으로 連結되어 있었고, 發根이 强한 品種群은 連結되어 있지 않고 分散되어 적은 數가 존재하였다. 3. 根基組織과 發根力과의 關係는 發根力이 强한 品種일 수록 그 突出程度가 높은 正의 相關($r=0.78^*$)을 나타내었고, 原始木部의 長 및 幅과도 正의 相關($r=0.73^*$)이 認定되었으며, 皮目과는 가지 表面에 차지하는 面積이 클수록 間接的인 要因의 하나였다. 4. 揷穗에서 抽出한 生長調節物質을 綠豆 幼胚軸을 利用한 生物的 檢定結果 發根力이 强한 品種群에서는 全般的으로 發根을 促進하는 物質의 活性이 높았고 發根力이 弱한 品種群에서는 發根을 抑制하는 物質의 活性이 높은 傾向을 보였다. 5. 發根力이 强한 品種群에서 나타난 發根促進 物質로는 $R_f$ 0~0.1이 phenolic substance로 推測되는 物質이며 $R_f$ 0.3~0.5의 物質은 indole acetic acid이었고 $R_f$ 0.8~1.0은 indole acetic nitrile로 推定되는 生長促進 物質이었다. 6. 揷穗內 各 組織의 生長調節物質은 量的 또는 그들간의 均衡이 다르게 存在하는데 이들 物質은 相助的으로 作用하므로서 發根에 영향을 미치고 特히 冬芽로부터 下降하는 物質이 없으면 發根이 되지 않았는데 그 決定的인 作用時期는 揷木後 1週日間이었다. 7. 發根과 깊은 關係가 있는 揷穗內의 營養物質로서는 炭水化物 및 全糖의 含量이 發根과 各各 正의 相關($r=0.72^*$, $r=0.67^*$)이 認定되었으나 還元糖과는 負相의 相關($r=-0.75^*$)을 나타내었으며 澱粉과는 負의 傾向値를 나타내었다. 8. 發根에 關與하는 營養要素로서 C/N率은 높을수록 發根率이 높았는데($r=0.67^*$) 이것은 炭水化物 含量이 높은데 基因하였다. 9. RNA 및 DNA 含量과 發根力과의 關係는 揷水 當時에는 RNA 및 DNA 含量의 差異가 없었으나 揷水後 RNA의 含量은 發根力이 强한 品種群이 弱한 品種群에 比하여 2週間 顯著히 增加하는 傾向을 보였다. 10. 아니모酸과 發根力과의 關係는 發根力이 높은 品種群에서 aspartic acid 및 cystine의 含量이 높은 傾向을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a complex Lactobacilli preparation on performance, resistance to E. coli infection and gut microbial flora of weaning pigs. In exp. 1, twelve pigs (7.65$\pm$1.10 kg BW), weaned at 28 d, were randomly allotted into 2 groups and placed in individual metabolic cages. During the first 7 d, one group of pigs was provided ad libitum access to water containing $10^5$ colony forming units (CFU) Lactobacilli per ml and the control group was provided tap water. The Lactobacilli preparation included Lactobacillus gasseri, L. reuteri, L. acidophilus and L. fermentum, which were isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract mucosa of weaning pigs. On d 8, 20 ml of $10^8$ CFU/ml E. coli solution (serovars K99, K88 and 987P at the ratio of 1:1:1) was orally administered to each pig. Diarrhea scores and diarrhea incidence were recorded from d 7 to 14. On d 14, pigs were euthanized and digesta and mucosa from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were sampled using aseptic technique to determine microflora by culturing bacteria in selective medium. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly decreased E. coli and aerobe counts (p<0.01) but increased Lactobacilli and anaerobe counts (p<0.01) in digesta and mucosa of most sections of the GI tract. A 66 and 69.1% decrease in diarrhea index and diarrhea incidence, respectively, was observed in the Lactobacilli treated group. In exp. 2, Thirty-six crossbred Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire piglets, weaned at 28$\pm$2 days, were selected and randomly allocated into 2 groups. There were 18 piglets in each group, 3 piglets in one pen and 6 replicates in each treatment with 3 pens of barrow and 3 pens of female piglet in each treatment. Piglets had ad libitum access to feed and water. The initial body weight of piglet was 7.65$\pm$1.09 kg. Dietary treatments included a non-medicated basal diet with Lactobacilli ($10^5$ CFU/g diet) or carbadox (60 mg/kg) as control. On d 21, six pigs per group (one pig per pen) were euthanized. Ileal digesta was collected to determine apparent amino acid digestibility. Microflora content was determined similarly to exp.1. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs compared to carbadox (p<0.05) during the first 2 wks after weaning and average daily gain (ADG) and ADFI increased significantly (p<0.05) from d 8 to 14. Nitrogen and total phosphorus digestibility also increased (p<0.05). Bacterial counts were similar to exp. 1. The results indicate that the complex Lactobacilli preparation improved performance for 2 wks after weaning, enhanced resistance to E. coli infection, and improved microbial balance in the GI tract.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2002년도 창립10주년기념 및 국립독성연구원 의약품동등성평가부서 신설기념 국재학술대회:생물학적 동등성과 의약품 개발 전략을 위한 국제심포지움
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• pp.113-113
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• 2002

Phylogenetically conserved Bcl-2 family proteins play a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis from virus to human. Members of the Bcl-2 family consist of antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w, and proapoptotic proteins such as BAD, Bax, BOD, and Bok. It has been proposed that anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins regulate cell death by binding to each other and forming heterodimers. A delicate balance between anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members exists in each cell and the relative concentration of these two groups of proteins determines whether the cell survives or undergoes apoptosis. Mcl-1 (Myeloid cell :leukemia-1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family proteins and was originally cloned as a differentiation-induced early gene that was activated in the human myeloblastic leukemia cell line, ML-1 . Mcl-1 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cells including neoplastic ones. We recently identified a short splicing variant of Mcl-1 short (Mcl-IS) and designated the known Mcl-1 as Mcl-1 long (Mcl-lL). Mcl-lL protein exhibits antiapoptotic activity and possesses the BH (Bcl-2 homology) 1, BH2, BH3, and transmembrane (TM) domains found in related Bcl-2 proteins. In contrast, Mcl-1 S is a BH3 domain-only proapoptotic protein that heterodimerizes with Mcl-lL. Although both Mc1-lL and Mcl-lS proteins contain BH domains fecund in other Bcl-2 family proteins, they are distinguished by their unusually long N-terminal sequences containing PEST (proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine) motifs, four pairs of arginine residues, and alanine- and glycine-rich regions. In addition, the expression pattern of Mcl-1 protein is different from that of Bcl-2 suggesting a unique role (or Mcl-1 in apoptosis regulation. Tankyrasel (TRF1-interacting, ankyrin-related ADP-related polymerasel) was originally isolated based on its binding to TRF 1 (telomeric repeat binding factor-1) and contains the sterile alpha motif (SAM) module, 24 ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and the catalytic domain of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Previous studies showed that tankyrasel promotes telomere elongation in human cells presumably by inhibiting TRFI though its poly(ADP-ribosyl)action by tankyrasel . In addition, tankyrasel poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates Insulin-responsive amino peptidase (IRAP), a resident protein of GLUT4 vesicles, and insulin stimulates the PARP activity of tankyrase1 through its phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification that usually results in a loss of protein activity presumably by enhancing protein turnover. However, little information is available regarding the physiological function(s) of tankyrase1 other than as a PARP enzyme. In the present study, we found tankyrasel as a specific-binding protein of Mcl-1 Overexpression of tankyrasel led to the inhibition of both the apoptotic activity of Mel-lS and the survival action of Mcl-lL in mammalian cells. Unlike other known tankyrasel-interacting proteins, tankyrasel did not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate either of the Mcl-1 proteins despite its ability to decrease Mcl-1 proteins expression following coexpression. Therefore, this study provides a novel mechanism to regulate Mcl-1-modulated apoptosis in which tankyrasel downregulates the expression of Mcl-1 proteins without the involvement of its ADP-ribosylation activity.