• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1991

Four fibrous feedstuffs from alfalfa meal (AFM), cassava leaf meal (CLM), rubber seed meal (RSM) and leucaena meal (LM) were included in semi-purified diets for growing pig (45 kg body wt.) at 20%, to investigate the effects of these fiber sources and fractions on amino acid digestibility. Cellulose (C), a purified fiber source was included in another diet at 5% level for comparison. The barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in the digestion trials with latin square design. The digestibilities of amino acids were measured at both terminal ileum and fecal level. NDF and hemicellulose content were the highest in AFM-diet whereas LM-diet had the highest ADF and lignin content. RSM-diet contained the highest crude fiber and cellulose content. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were found the highest with CLM-diet, while LM-diet was the least. At fecal level, control diet and CLM-diet were the highest in amino acid digestibility while AFM-diet was the least. The digestibility of amino acids was higher at ileal than fecal level. The digestibility of arginine was not affected with fiber fractions but was found to be the most disestible across all diets. The most depressed amino acid was methionine at both levels; praline and glycine, in the dispensable amino acid group, were depressed at ileal and fecal level, respectively. Lignin did not depress amino acid digestibility in general but specifically depressed methionine, histidine, isoleucine and threonine digestibility. Cellulose content did not affect amino acid digestibility but undesirable factors might be responsible.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1961

The present work deals with the patterns of the free amino acids in several tissues of Gallula tornieri VOGT analysed by means of paper chromatography and ion-exchange resins. The tissues used were heart, stomach , muscle, brain , testis , skin , and liver. 14 amino acid was detected in heart, 11 in muscle , 15 in stomach , 9 , in brain , 10 in skin in liver , and 10 in testis. It was found that there were distinguishable differences in the patterns of the free amino acids among the different tissues.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.1-3
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• 1965

The sulfur-incorporation into amino acids in germinating Soy Bean seeds was studied with the aid of Sulfate-S35. Water imbibition and isotope absorption were almostly pararelled. On the radioautogram $S^35$ was detected in cysteic acids at 90 minutes. Cysteine, cystine and cysteic acid were appeared with radioactivity at 240 minutes after the infiltration of sulfate-$S^35$. Methione was not detected on the radioautogram in the range of 300 minutes. The radioactivity of $S^35$ was detected highly in free amino acids than hydrolyzates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 1991

The effects of dietary fiber on true digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs were studied, using semi-purified diets formulated from alfalfa meal, cassava leaf meal, rubber seed meal and leucacna meal at 20% level. A protein-free diet including 5% cellulose was formulated for correcting the endogenous amino acid loss. Across all the diets, arginine was the most digestible while the least at ileal level was threonine; methionine and/or histidine at fecal level respectively. The true digestibility value of amino acids at ileal level were higher than at fecal level except control diet (cellulose). The true digestibility values at ileal level were similar for all diets but differed at fecal level in different magnitude. These results indicate that undigestible compound in individual feedstuff might confound. True digestibility should be studied together for accurate diet formulation as apparent digestibility decreased when their amino acid concentration in the diet was reduced.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1995

Effects of dietary protein sources and their amino acid compositions on the liver and plasma cholesterol levels in growing Single Comb white Leghorn male chicks were studied. A diet containing isolated soy protein (21% cp) was supplemented with 0.5% DL-methionine and 0.3% L-glycine. and another diet containing casein(21% cp) was supplemented with 1.5% L-arginine HCl, 0.4% DL-methionine. and 1.0% L-glycine. Plasma cholesterol level was markedly lower in groups force-fed the diets containing either soy protein or casein supplemented with amino acids compared to those found in birds fed corresponding diets without amino acids supplementation. The cholesterol lowering effect of the casein diet. when balanced with various supplemental amino acids appeared to be due to arginine instead of methionine or glycine. It is likely that amino acid balance rather than the composition of a specific amino acid is one of the major factors determining the effect of dietary protein sources on the blood cholesterol levels in chicks.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.333-338
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• 1985

저렴한 동물성 단백질의 급원인 냉동대구의 식품학적 기초자료를 얻기 위해 북양산 냉동대구육을 천일건조 및 열풍 건조시켜 1개월간 저장하면서 유리아미노산 및 핵산관련물질의 변화를 실험하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 생시료에는 proline, histidine, lysine및 alanine의 함량이 가장 많았고, 천일건조시료, 천일건조 저장시료, 열풍건조시료 및 열풍건조 저장시료에는 glycine, histidine, lysine, proline 및 alanine의 함량이 가장 많았으며, 총유리아미노산의 함량은 저장중 현저히 증가하였다. 핵산관련물질의 함량은 생시료와 건조시료 및 저장시료 모두 inosine의 함량이 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 IMP의 함량이 많았다. 이상의 결과들로 미루어 볼 때 glycine, histidine, lysine, proline 및 alanine등의 유리아미노산과 핵산관련물질로서는 IMP등이 냉동대구를 원료로 한 대구 건제품의 맛에 중요할 구실을 할 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.212-219
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• 1996

Maillard 반응중 피질의 변화를 4차원 반응표면으로 나타내어 기질의 동적변화를 모니터링하고자 하였다. Total amino acids의 함량변화에 대한 회귀분석 결과 높은 $R^2$ (0.9470)를 나타내었으며, 각각의 amino acid또한 높은 R'를 나타내어 대부분 유의성이 인정되었다. 유리당의 함량에 대한 회귀분석에서 glucose의 함량에 대한 R'는 0.9250이었으나 fructose에 대한 $R^2$는 0.6490으로 낮은 값을 보였다. Maillard반응중 total amino acids의 함량은 반응온도가 높고 용매의 pH값 이 증가할수록 크게 감소되었다. 반응생성물의 갈색도는 반응온도가 증가할수록 증가하나 145‘C 내외에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 각각의 amino acid함량변화는 total amino acids 함량인화와 유사한 경향이었으며, 4차원 반응표면분석 결과 aspartic acid, threonine, glucose등의 기질들은 복합기질계 Maillard반응에 있어서 특이하게 반응온도가 증가할수록 크게 감소한 반면, 용매의 pH와 반응시간의 영향은 거의 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.573-579
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• 2000

Knowledge on the enzymes acting on p-amino-acid-containing peptides appears to be somewhat limited when compared with those acting on peptides composed on L-amino acids. Less than ten D-stereospecific enzymes are hitherto known. This review describes about several novel D-stereospecific peptidases and amidases of microbial origin, including D-aminopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.11.19), alkaline D-peptidase, and D-amino aicd amidase, which are applied to the synthesis of D-amino acid/or D-amino acid derivatives.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.802-806
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of processing method and rapeseed variety on ruminal and intestinal protein digestibility of rapeseed meal in steers. Intestinal amino acid digestibility was assessed with an in situ ruminal incubation and precision-fed rooster bioassay. In this experiment one traditional rapeseed meal sample (sample A, prepress extraction) and three double low rapeseed meal samples (sample B, prepress extraction, sample C, screw press and sample D, low temperature press) were placed in polyester bags(8 cm${\times}$12 cm) and suspended in the ventral rumen of steers for 16 h. The residues of in situ incubations were intubated to roosters. Total excreta were collected for 48 h after incubation and then desiccated and amino acid concentrations were determined. Results showed that in ruminal incubation the degradation rate of amino acid and crude protein was higher for traditional rapeseed meal sample A than for double low rapeseed meal sample B, but was much lower than for double low sample C and D. In the group of double low rapeseed meal samples, sample D processed by low temperature press had the highest degradation rate of amino acids in the rumen. For all amino acids, the digestibility of the residual protein as measured by the precision-fed rooster bioassay tended to be lower for sample B than for sample A, which had the same processing method with sample B, and in the group of double low rapeseed meals, sample B had similar digestibility of amino acid in residual protein to sample D and higher than that of sample C. However, although the total amino acid availability involving the digestibility of amino acids in the rumen and rooster bioassay of double low rapeseed meal sample D (low temperature press) was higher than those of the other three samples by 7 to 9 percent, there were no significant differences. Results indicated that processing method markedly affected ruminal and post ruminal amino acid digestibility of rapeseed meal when the temperature exceeded 110$^{\circ}C$. Rapeseed meal that had a high content of fiber was not suitable for dry heat treatment at higher temperatures or the amino acids digestibility in rumen and total availability of amino acids could be reduced. Results also suggested the variety of rapeseed meal had no significant effect on the digestibility and availability of amino acids.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.562-566
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• 2005

천연색소이며 항산화제인 anthocyanins을 포도과피로부터 추출하여 7가지의 아미노산(Arg, Lys, Gly, Ile, Glu, Asp, Met)을 색소용액(pH 3.5)에 첨가한 후 저장기간($30^{\circ}C$, 14일)동안 일어나는 색소의 강도, 안정성 및 항산화능력의 변화를 측정하였다. 색소의 강도는 Asp의 첨가 시 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 색의 안정성은 염기성 아미노산을 제외한 중성, 산성 아미노산과, 함유황 아미노산인 Met의 첨가 시 대조구보다 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). DPPH법으로 측정한 anthocyanins 색소의 항산화능력은 저장기간 중 변화를 나타내지 않았으며 색소의 강도 감소에도 불구하고 항산화 능력은 유지되었다. 아미노산의 첨가는 DPPH법에 의한 anthocyanins 색소의 전자공여능을 측정한 경우 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, FRAP법으로 측정한 $Fe^{3+}$ 이온의 환원 능력은 Asp 또는 Met을 첨가한 경우 대조구에 비하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.