• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2011

The potential factors for quality loss of cleaned fresh ginseng and technology to be associated with the improvement of marketability through pre-packaging fumigation were examined. Major microorganisms isolated from fresh ginseng included Botrytis cinerea, and Erwinia sp. Others such as Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium spp., Pennicilium spp., Bacillus spp. were also found at relatively low frequency. The bacterial density of vacuum packaged fresh ginseng rapidly increased during simulated marketing. Little correlation between bacterial growth and package swelling was found. In order to improve packaging method of fresh ginseng, pre-packaging treatment of 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PE, 100 uL/L, 4 hr) was examined. The fumigation treatment effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria density and also effective on keeping firmness of ginseng root, especially in cortical portion. The internal gas compositions of plastic container packaged for ginseng were approximately ranged between 6 to 8% $O_2$and 3 to 4% $CO_2$. The $O_2$ level of fumigation treatment was lower than control whereas $CO_2$ level was higher. The upsurge of ethylene evolution I day after simulated marketing was found only in fumigation treatment but it returned to ordinary level at day 2. The sucrose content of 2-PE treatment was significantly reduced at 5 days after simulated marketing but reducing sugars like glucose and fructose remained at higher level. The difference in sugar levels was reduced after 10 days of simulated marketing. The decay of fresh ginseng began at the lateral or fine root, which is weak to physical damage, in general. The epidermis was more damaged. Plastic container packaging with PE fumigation could be an alternative to vacuum packaging, which allows an aerobic environment and prevents anaerobic respiration. Further study of pre-package fumigation is required to improve technology of fresh ginseng marketing.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

Atmospheric N deposition has far-reaching impacts on forest ecosystems, including on-site impacts such as soil acidification, fertilization, and nutrient imbalances, and off-site environmental impacts such as nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emission. Although chronic N deposition has been believed to lead to forest N saturation, recent evidence suggests that N retention capacity, particularly in the forest floor, can be surprisingly high even under high N deposition. This review aims to provide an overview of N retention processes in the forest floor and the implications of changing C-N interactions for C sequestration. The fate of available N in forest soils has been explained by the competitive balance between tree roots, soil heterotrophs, and nitrifiers. However, high rates of N retention have been observed in numerous N addition experiments without noticeable increases in tree growth and soil respiration. Alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain the gap between the input and loss of N in N-enriched, C-limited systems, including abiotic immobilization and mycorrhizal assimilation, both of which do not require additional C sources to incorporate N in soil N pools. Different fates of N in the forest floor have different implications for C sequestration. N-induced tree growth can enhance C accumulation in tree biomass as observed across temperate regions. C loss from forests can amount to or outweigh C gain in N-saturated, declining forests, while another type of 'C-N decoupling' can have positive or neutral effects on soil C sequestration through hampered organic matter decomposition or abiotic N immobilization, respectively.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.33-36
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• 2012

Opioids are the one of the most commonly used drugs to control cancer pain all over the world. But, we should not overlook the potential risk of opioid intoxication because they have well-known detrimental side effects. The opioid intoxication can be diagnosed thorough various clinical manifestations. The altered mental status, respiratory depression, and miosis is very representative clinical features although these symptoms don't always appear together. Unfortunately the opioid-toxidrome can be varied. A 42 years old man came to our emergency room after taking about 900 mg morphine sulfate per oral. He was nearly alert and his respiration was normal. Even though his symptoms didn't deteriorated clinically, serial arterial blood gas analysis showed increase in PaCO2. So we decided to use intravenous naloxone. Soon, he was fully awaked and his pupils size was increased. After a continuous infusion of intravenous naloxone for 2 hours, PaCO2 decreased to normal range and his pupil size also returned to normal after 12 hours. Though the levels of serum amylase and lipase increased slightly, his pancreas was normal according to the abdominal computed tomography. He had nausea, vomit, and whole body itching after naloxone continuous infusion, but conservatively treated. We stopped the continuos infusion after 1 day because his laboratory results and physical examinations showed normal. As this case shows, it is very important to prescribe naloxone initially. If you suspect opioid intoxication, we recommend the initial use of naloxone even though a patient has atypical clinical features. In addition, we suggest intranasal administration of naloxone as safe and effective alternative and it's necessary to consider nalmefene that has a longer duration for opioid intoxication.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2011

Treatment of the mandibular fracture consists of reduction and fixation. Primary wire & Arch bar are perhaps the ideal method for intermaxillary fixation. But, daily feeding, swallowing, speech, and in some instances, respiration is difficult to maintain during the period of intermaxillary fixation, owing to muscle weakness, emotional disorder and poor oral hygiene in a position of the long-term bed disabled patient with multiple injuries. Therefore, Intermaxillary fixation is not applied in the disabled bed patient, the alternative methods must be obtained. In the case of the mandibular fracture, because of the absence of weight bearing, osseous union may eventually occur even without immobilization if the patient is maintained without wound infection on a controlled soft diet. For the purpose of the prevention of the wound infection, the establishment of an drainage on the oral lacerated wound is necessary for the removal of the hematoma & seroma in the fracture site. This is the report of a case that was managed conservatively without the intermaxillary fixation in the long-term disabled bed patient with a mandibular compound fracture.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1729-1738
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• 2020

Salmonellosis is a form of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection. The main transmission route of salmonellosis has been identified as poorly cooked meat and poultry products contaminated with Salmonella. However, in recent years, the number of outbreaks attributed to contaminated raw produce has increased dramatically. To understand how Salmonella adapts to produce, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow exposed to fresh-cut radish greens. Considering the different Salmonella lifestyles in contact with fresh produce, such as motile and sessile lifestyles, total RNA was extracted from planktonic and epiphytic cells separately. Transcriptomic analysis of S. Virchow cells revealed different transcription profiles between lifestyles. During bacterial adaptation to fresh-cut radish greens, planktonic cells were likely to shift toward anaerobic metabolism, exploiting nitrate as an electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration, and utilizing cobalamin as a cofactor for coupled metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, Salmonella cells adhering to plant surfaces showed coordinated upregulation in genes associated with translation and ribosomal biogenesis, indicating dramatic cellular reprogramming in response to environmental changes. In accordance with the extensive translational response, epiphytic cells showed an increase in the transcription of genes that are important for bacterial motility, nucleotide transporter/metabolism, cell envelope biogenesis, and defense mechanisms. Intriguingly, Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2 displayed up- and downregulation, respectively, regardless of lifestyles in contact with the radish greens, suggesting altered Salmonella virulence during adaptation to plant environments. This study provides molecular insights into Salmonella adaptation to plants as an alternative environmental reservoir.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1999년도 정기총회 및 춘계 공동 학술발표회
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

In the United States (U.S.), the monitored natural attenuation (MNA) approach has been used as an alternative remedial option for organic and inorganic compounds retained in soil and dissolved in groundwater. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the MNA as“in-situ naturally-occurring processes include biodegradation, diffusion, dilution, sorption, volatilization, and/or chemical and biochemical stabilization of contaminants and reduce contaminant toxicity, mobility or volume to the levels that are protective of human health and the environment”. The Department of Soil Environment. National Institute Environmental Research (NIER) is in the process for demonstrating the MNA approach as a potential remedial option for the BTEX contaminated site in Uiwang City. The project is charactering the research site in terms of the nature and extend of contamination, biological degradation rate, and geochemical and hydrological properties. The microbial-degradation rate and effectiveness of nutrient and redox supplements will be determined through laboratory batch and column tests. The geochemical process will be monitored for determining the concentration changes of chemical species involved in the electron transfer processes that include methanogenesis, sulfate and iron reduction, denitrification, and aerobic respiration. Through field works, critical soil and hydrogeologic parameters will be acquired to simulate the effects of dispersion, advection, sorption, and biodegradation on the fate and transport of the dissolved-phase BTEX plume using Bioplume III model. The objectives of this multi-years research project are (1) to evaluate the MNA approach using the BTEX contaminated site in Uiwang City, (2) to establish a standard protocol for future application of the approach, (3) to investigate applicability of the passive approach as a secondary treatment remedy after active treatments. In this presentation, the overall picture and philosophy behind the MNA approach will be reviewed. Detailed discussions of the site characterization/monitoring plans and risk-based decision-making processes for the demonstration site will be included.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.447-454
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• 2018

Background: The leaf temperature ($T_{LEAF}$) is one of the most important physical parameters governing water and carbon flux, including evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and respiration. Cnidium officinale is one of the important folk medicines for counteracting a variety of diseases, and is particularly used as a traditional medicinal crop in the treatment of female genital inflammatory diseases. In this study, we developed a model to estimate $T_{Leaf}$ of Cnidium officinale Makino based on black globe temperature ($T_{BGT}$). Methods and Results: This study was performed from April to July 2018 in field characterized by a valley and alluvial fan topography. Databases of $T_{LEAF}$ were curated by infrared thermometry, along with meteorological instruments, including a thermometer, a pyranometer, and an anemometer. Linear regression analysis and Student's t-test were performed to evaluate the performance of the model and significance of the parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed $T_{LEAF}$ and calculated $T_{BGT}$ obtained using an equation, developed to predict $T_{LEAF}$ based on $T_{BGT}$ was very high ($r^2=0.9500$, p < 0.0001). There was a positive relationship between $T_{BGT}$ and solar radiation ($r^2=0.8556$, p < 0.0001), but a negative relationship between $T_{BGT}$ and wind speed ($r^2=0.9707$, p < 0.0001). These results imply that heat exchange in leaves seems to be mainly controlled by solar radiation and wind speed. The correlation coefficient between actual and estimated $T_{BGT}$ was 0.9710 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The developed model can be used to accurately estimate the $T_{Leaf}$ of Cnidium officinale Makino and has the potential to become a practical alternative to assessing cold and heat stress.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 헛개나무 열매 추출물을 당 분해효소를 이용하여 효소처리 시 알코올 분해능에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 당분해효소인 Maxinvert(invertase), Optidex L-400(glucoamylase), Rohament CL(cellulase & pectinase)를 각각 농도별(0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0,5, 1%)로 첨가하여 48시간 효소처리 하면서 6시간 간격으로 sample을 채취해 ADH 효소 활성을 측정하였다. 효소 농도가 높을수록 효소 활성이 증가하였으며, 시간이 지남에 따라 활성이 높아졌다. Maxinvert 효소 처리 시 기존의 활성보다 약 10% 증가하여 가장 낮은 활성 증가를 보였고, Rohament CL 효소를 1% 첨가하여 효소처리할 경우, 기존의 활성에 비해 효소 활성이 67% 증가한 것으로 가장 많은 효소 활성 증가를 보였다. Rohament CL 효소를 1% 첨가할 경우, 시간이 지남에 따라 활성이 증가하다가 30시간대부터 활성의 증가가 변화가 거의 없었다. 이로 보아 36시간까지 효소처리하는 것이 가장 효율적일 것이라 사료된다. Rohament CL 효소 1% 첨가하여 36시간 효소 처리한 헛개나무 열매 추출물을 이용하여 동물 실험 및 임상 실험을 실시한 결과, control군 및 헛개나무 열매 추출물 군에 비해 알코올 농도가 줄어드는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 특히 알코올 섭취 초기에 그 효과가 가장 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. 이로 보아 효소 처리한 헛개나무 열매 추출물이 기존의 헛개나무 열매 추출물에 비해 더 많은 체내 알코올 농도 감소를 나타낼 것으로 생각되며, 음주 초기에 더 많은 영향을 줄 것으로 사료되어 진다. 이는 기존의 배당체(glycoside) 형태로 존재하던 생리활성 물질이 당 분해 효소에 의해 당이 분해된 무배당체(aglycone) 형태로 전환되어 그 활성이 높아졌기 때문으로 사료되어진다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2002

배(Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Niitaka) 과실의 검역해충 사멸을 위하여 methyl bromide (MeBr) 훈증의 대체방안을 연구할 목적으로 감마선 조사의 적용가능성을 검토하였다. 배 과실에서 검역대상 해충으로 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)와 사과응애(Panonychus ulmi Koch)가 동정되었다. 이들 해충들은 MeBr 훈증에 의해 처리 1일 후 완전 박멸되었으나, 감마선 처리에 의해서는 지효성을 보이면서 조사선량에 비례하여 사충률이 증가되었다. 과실의 호흡량은 조사선량의 증가와 MeBr 훈증에 의해 증가되었다. 과실의 과피 흑변과 과심 장해는 MeBr 처리에 의해 크게 촉진되었으며, 감마선 처리에서도 선량에 비례하여 촉진되었다. 과육경도와 표면색도는 MeBr의 영향 보다는 2 KGy 이상의 감마선 조사에 의해 과육의 연화와 표면색도의 변화가 나타났다. 적정산도는 3 kGy 조사에 의해 다소 낮았으며, 아세트알데히드 함량은 처리조건의 영향을 받지 않았으나, 에탄올 함량은 3 kGy 조사에 의해 증가되었다. 관능적 품질특성은 1 kGy 이상의 감마선 조사에 의해 유의적으로 저하되었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2015

폐동맥 고혈압은 좌우단락을 가진 선천성 심장질환의 흔한 합병증으로 폐동맥 고혈압 환자에서 높아진 폐혈관 저항은 생명에 위협을 초래한다. 전신마취시의 양압환기는 폐동맥압을 높이고, 폐혈류량은 감소시키므로 저산소증을 유발할 수 있으며, 이는 폐동맥 고혈압 환자에게서 불리하게 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 폐동맥 고혈압 환자에서는 양압환기보다는 자발호흡이 보다 안전할 것으로 생각된다. 만 5세 남환이 심한 저체중으로 본원으로 의뢰되었으며, 내원 당시 환아의 몸무게는 11 kg이었고, 209년 팔로사징후로 완전 교정 수술을 받은 의과적 병력이 있었으며, 2007년부터 현재까지 고혈압 약을 복용하고 있다고 하였다. 환아는 다발성 우식을 가지고 있었으며, 치료는 경비캐눌라를 사용한 세보플루란 흡입 진정 하에 진행하엿다. 치료 내내 환아는 정상적인 생징후와 자발호흡을 유지하였으며, 이후에도 폐동맥 고혈압과 연관된 다른 합병증은 보이지 않았다. 폐동맥 고혈압 환자에서의 세보플루란 흡입 진정의 안전한 사용 증례를 통해서, 세보플루란 흡입 진정이 심혈관계 질환을 가진 환자들에서 전신마취의 대안으로 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.