• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.515-518
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• 2003

Six mature purebred Angus cows ($3.5{\pm}1.5$ years of age, $631.36{\pm}8.63kg$), three pregnant ($250{\pm}7$ days pregnant) and three non-pregnant and eight mature Suffolk ewes ($5{\pm}1.2$ years of age, $68.18{\pm}2.3kg$) four pregnant $115{\pm}5$ days pregnant) and four nonpregnant were utilized in a five-day metabolic trial to determine the effects of gestational status (pregnant vs. non-pregnant) on apparent absorption and retention of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Animals were selected based on body weight, age, and gestational status, and randomly assigned to metabolic crates for total fecal and urine collection. Animals were allowed to acclimate to their new environment for seven days. Pregnant and non-pregnant cows and ewes were then paired (within a species) by body weight and pair-fed throughout the 5 day collection period. Copper and Zn intakes were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant animals within a species. Apparent absorption of Cu (p<0.06) and Zn (p<0.04) were higher in pregnant cows relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant cows also had a higher apparent retention of Cu (p<0.05) and Zn (p<0.06) relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant ewes had a higher (p<0.01) apparent absorption and retention of Zn compared to non-pregnant ewes. However, apparent absorption and retention of Cu were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. These data indicate that certain physiological and/or metabolic parameters are altered in pregnant cows and ewes consuming an alfalfa-based diet that enhance the apparent absorption and retention of certain trace minerals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.667-673
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• 2014

Eight multiparous Holstein cows ($632{\pm}12$ kg BW; $135{\pm}16$ DIM) were used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to evaluate the effects of forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis. The forage portion of the diets contained alfalfa hay (AH), oat hay (OH), Leymus chinensis (LC), or rice straw (RS) as the primary source of fiber. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, and cows were fed four corn silages based total mixed rations with equivalent nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) and forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Dry matter intake was not affected by the source of dietary forages, ranging from 18.83 to 19.20 kg/d, consequently, milk yield was similar among diets. Because of the numerical differences in milk fat and milk protein concentrations, 4% FCM and ECM yields were unchanged (p>0.05). Mean rumen pH, NH3-N content, and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Dietary treatments did not affect the total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p>0.05); however, digestibility of NDF and acid detergent fiber in RS diet was higher compared with AH, OH, and LC diets (p<0.05). Total purine derivative excretion was higher in cows fed AH, OH, and LC diets compared with those fed RS diet (p<0.05), consequently, estimated MCP synthesis was 124.35 g/d higher in cows fed AH diet compared with those fed RS diet (p<0.05). The results indicated that cows fed AH, OH, LC, and RS diets with an equivalent forage NDF and NFC have no unfavourable effect on the ruminal fermentation and productive parameters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the association of enzyme-producing microbes and their enzymes with starch and hemicellulose degradation during fermentation of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Methods: The TMRs were prepared with soybean curd residue, alfalfa hay (ATMR) or Leymus chinensis hay (LTMR), corn meal, soybean meal, vitamin-mineral supplements, and salt at a ratio of 25:40:30:4:0.5:0.5 on a dry matter basis. Laboratory-scale bag silos were randomly opened after 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of ensiling and subjected to analyses of fermentation quality, carbohydrates loss, microbial amylase and hemicellulase activities, succession of dominant amylolytic or hemicellulolytic microbes, and their microbial and enzymatic properties. Results: Both ATMR and LTMR silages were well preserved, with low pH and high lactic acid concentrations. In addition to the substantial loss of water soluble carbohydrates, loss of starch and hemicellulose was also observed in both TMR silages with prolonged ensiling. The microbial amylase activity remained detectable throughout the ensiling in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase activity progressively decreased until it was inactive at day 14 post-ensiling in both TMR silages. During the early stage of fermentation, the main amylase-producing microbes were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B. amyloliquefaciens), B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis in ATMR silage and B. flexus, B. licheniformis, and Paenibacillus xylanexedens (P. xylanexedens) in LTMR silage, whereas Enterococcus faecium was closely associated with starch hydrolysis at the later stage of fermentation in both TMR silages. B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, and P. xylanexedens were the main source of microbial hemicellulase during the early stage of fermentation in ATMR and LTMR silages, respectively. Conclusion: The microbial amylase contributes to starch hydrolysis during the ensiling process in both TMR silages, whereas the microbial hemicellulase participates in the hemicellulose degradation only at the early stage of ensiling.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

This study was to investigate an effective biological control of forage diseases and provide a basic data and a model in improving variety of antagonistic bacteria, with growth promoting effect on forage, through cell fusion. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The antagonistic himbacterium against soil-borne phathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from continuous cropping himsphere soil of forage, and its biological and physiological characteristics were investigated. This bacterium was identified as Bacillus subrilis and named BS 101. Another strain for cell fusion was Bacillus thur ingiensis ssp. kurstaki HD-I(BT 37669) with insecticidal crystal. 2. The auxotropic mutants of BS 101 and BT 37669 were derived after mutagenesis using N-methyl-N'nitro- Nitrosoguanidine(NTG) to give amino acid requirement marker. n e s e auxotropic mutants of BS 101 and BT 37669 were named BS 1013(his-) and BT 69(asp-), respectively. 3. The best protoplast requirement was obtained using DM 3 medium, containing 5% casamino acid, 1 M $MgCI_2$ and 2% bovine semm albumin, to give Fusant 3, 7 and 8. BT toxin gene was not identified with fusants by Southern blotting. However, SDS-PAGE analysis of strains showed various protein patterns among fusants. 4. From the dark culture experiment, growth of forage in inoculated soil with antagonistic bacteria was delayed than that of non-inoculated soil with antagonistic bacteria in each continuous cropping soil and in each sterilized soil. On the other hand, growth duration of forage was different between continuous cropping soil and sterilized soil. 5. Seed germination of Alfalfa, Italian ryegrass and Orchardgrass were significantly improved by inoculation of antagonistic bacteria(p< 0.05).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.201-210
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the content of inorganic nitrogen($NH_4$, $NO_3$) and its change in the 7 different sites; the permanent meadows of alfalfa, orchardgrass, and reed canarygrass, the fields of rye. corn, rice and a mountain region. the results from this study were summarized as follows; 1. The contents of ammonium and nitrate in meadows were 15.89-16.46 and 1.32-1.86ppm, respectively, showing the lower level than in other sites and no significant diffirences among three meadows. 2. In the rice field, the average content of ammonium(7.19ppm) was the highest among all sites, but the content of nitrate(1 l.l7ppm) was the lowest. In addition, almost all of nitrate were spreaded around the surface. 3. In the mountain region, the content of $NH_4$(5.79ppm) was slightly high, but the content of nitrate ( 15.18ppm) was very low. 4. In the rye field. the average content of $NO_3$ was 35.46ppm and show the highest (92.63ppm) at the deep part of soil in the specific season, but it decreased with increasing temperature. 5. In the corn field, which kept bare after harvesting the corn silage, the content of $NO_3$ was high, regardless of seasons and depths, and increased up to maximum of 103ppm. 6. The ground water concentrations of $NO_3$ were not more than 50ppm in the pasture. In the vegetable house, they were less than 30 ppm during the winter and spring and were 80-100ppm during the summer and fall. 7. The concentrations of $NO_3$ in Han river water were lower during the winter and spring(20-30ppm) and higher dxring the summer and fall (50-90ppm).

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.98-105
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• 1986

Rhizobium melitoli 102F51에 N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine 및 UV를 처리하여 heme 합성 특성이 다른 세 그룹의 mutant 즉 백색, 적백색 및 적색근류형성 mutant를 선별하여 이들 중 mutant들의 acetylene 환원력, 및 ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid dehydratase (ALAD)를 free living 및 bacteriod 상태하에서 서로 비교하였다. 백색 근류를 형성하는 mutant는 적색 근류형성 mutant에 비하여 acetylene 환원력이 훨씬 낮았으며 ALAS 및 ALAD 활성은 free-living 상태에서는 각 mutant group 사이에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 bacteriod 상태에서는 백색근류생성 mutant에서 적색 근류형성 mutant group에 비하여 ALAS 및 ALAD 공히 현저히 낮았다. 근류에서 ALAS 활성은 heme 합성양에 비례하여 급진적으로 증가하였으나 ALAD 활성은 plant fraction에서는 감소하는 반면 bacteroid fraction에서는 완만하게 증가하였다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.367-370
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• 2014

총탄소함량은 T4를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 대등하였으며, 총질소함량은 T3에서 2.17%로 대조구에 가장 근접한 값을 나타내었다. C/N율은 T4에서 39로 다른 처리구보다 높았다. 혼합배지에 따른 자실체의 생육특성을 조사한 결과 갓직경은 T2에서 가장 컸고, 대직경은 T2와 T4에서 가장 컸고, 대길이는 T1과 T2에서 가장 많았다. 유효경수는 T1과 T3에서 가장 많았다. 혼합배지에 따른 처리구별 수량은 T3에서 171g/병으로 대조구와 대등하였고, 회수율도 89.2%로 대조구와 대등한 결과를 나타내었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2007

The conclusion of free Trade Agreement between South Korea and USA can become a serious threat to the Korean agriculture. On the strategic scheme the foodstuffs is the basis for protection of the state sovereignty. The Amur oblast of Russian Federation is region, which can supply South Korea cheap and good qualitative feeds. It means South Korea should create agricultural cooperation with the Amur oblast of Russian Federation with the purpose to begin organic agriculture in this area and it will help South Korea to counteract a quantitative attack on Korea from the side of american agricultural production. In the Amur oblast there are following fodder crops; Alfalfa, Smooth brome grass (gromus adonis L.), Siberian couch grass, Sudan pass, Colza rape (Brassica napus) and Amaranth (Avfranthus). In the same area also exist oatmeal, wheat, corn and barley, which is possible to use for feeds. All these above written cultures are cultivated organically, therefore it is possible to use them as organic forages in South Korea. It is very important to know system of crop rotation in the Amur oblast. There is a scheme of crop rotation, which is connected with increase and preservation of fertility of soil, maintenance of growth of productivity of agricultural cultures and reception of high-quality production. It is necessary to begin organic agriculture in a southern part of Amur oblast, where, in 2001 year, 97% of all sowing areas was concentrated. The acidity degree of soil in this part is not high ($ph5.1{\sim}5.5$), therefore does not require liming.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1421-1424
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two diets different in crude fibre content and ingredients on performance and on caecal characteristics of rabbits around weaning. Thirty litters from thirty New Zealand White does were divided at Day 18 in two groups fed, respectively, a low fibre concentrate (LFC, consisting mainly of soybean meal, delactated whey, barley) from Day 18-28 followed by a creep feed (CF, consisting mainly in alfalfa meal, barley and wheat bran) from Day 29-32, and a CF from Day 18-32. After weaning (32 days) both groups were fed the CF ad libitum for two weeks. During the pre-weaning period, mortality, milk intake and solid feed intake (from Day 20) were recorded daily, while the live weight of kits was recorded twice, at 18 and 32 days. At day 28, one rabbit/litter was slaughtered in order to obtain data on caecal content characteristics. After weaning, the rabbits were located in collective cages, feeding ad libitum CF; feed intake, live weight and mortality were recorded weekly for two weeks. During the preweaning period, there were no differences between the groups in milk and solid feed intake and, by consequence, in live weight at weaning; instead, the mortality was higher (12.5 vs 4.5%) for the group (A) that changed diet at 28 days. Group A showed also a higher caecal pH (6.12 vs. 5.72), propionate to butyrate ratio (0.73 vs. 0.46), ammonia content (9.3 vs. 7.1 mmol/l), but a lower total volatile fatty acid content (66.8 vs. 82.1 mmol/l) than B Group, probably due to the dried milk whey in the concentrate. After weaning, there were no significant differences between the two groups. The authors concluded that the use of a low fibre concentrate for suckling rabbits is not recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1536-1541
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• 2000

The present study was carried out to measure changes of feed intake and thirst level caused by water deprivation in goats fed on dry feed and to elucidate the relationship between those two parameters. Water deprivation significantly (p<0.01) decreased cumulative feed intake and rate of eating at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively, after feed presentation. Cumulative feed intake, after completion of 2 h feeding, was reduced by about 20, 21 and 64 % due to water deprivation during feeding for 2 h (WD2), for 22 h (WD22) and for 46 h (WD46), respectively, compared to free access to water (FAW). Compared to the FAW, WD2, WD22 and WD46 increased thirst level by about 5, 5 and 9 times, respectively. Mean thirst level (X, g/30 min) was negatively correlated with cumulative feed intake (Y, g DM) after completion of 2h feeding (Y=1302-0.2 X, $r^2=0.97$, p<0.05). Water deprivation depressed plasma volume and there was a significant positive regression between plasma volume (X, ml) and cumulative feed intake (Y, g DM) after completion of 2h feeding (Y=-1003+0.6 X, $r^2=0.99$, p<0.01). Mean plasma osmolality (X, mOsmol/l) correlated significantly and negatively with cumulative feed intake (Y, g DM) after completion of 2h feeding (Y=27004-84.9 X, $r^2=0.95$, p<0.05). In conclusion, a decrease of feed intake during water deprivation is mainly due to an increase of thirst level quantitatively, and the act of feeding itself induces thirst more than the length of water-deprivation periods in goats fed on dry feeds. The present findings suggest that plasma osmolality and plasma volume which affect thirst level are involved in the decrease of feed intake in water-deprived goats.