• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

Transportation and storage technologies, which are key drivers for trade, has increased global trade of agricultural products about 165% from 1995 to 2015. Korea imports 76.2% of grain from major food exporters such as USA, Australia, Brazil, and China. The expected long shipping distances from these countries can seriously cause environmental impacts on various environmental categories such as climate change, particulate matter, and acidification. The goal of this study is to assess the environmental implications focused on greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matters (PMs) emissions of imported grains (wheat, corn, and bean) using food miles analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA). The environmental impacts of imported crops are estimated by transportation modes using the national LCI database provided by Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI). The results of this study are as follows; (1) Imported wheat comes from USA (29%), AUS (27%), and URK (20%), corn is imported from USA (34%), BRA (29%), and URK (16%), and bean comes from BRA (57%), USA (40%), and CHN (2%); (2) the food miles of imported crops (wheat, corn, and bean) are 3.62E+10, 1.30E+11, and $2.20E+10ton{\cdot}km$, respectively; (3) the potential GHGs and PMs of wheat, corn, and bean are 5.02E+08, 1.67E+09, and 2.84E+08 kg $CO_2e$ and 5.89E+05, 1.83E+06, 3.07E+05 kg $PM_{10}e$, respectively. The outputs of this study could provide environmental impacts and carrying distances of imported agricultural products for preparing a plan to reduce environmental impacts.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.47-74
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• 2018

미국은 20세기 GATT와 WTO 설립에 크게 기여하며 자유무역국가로 인식되어 왔다. 그러나 2017년 트럼프 행정부 출범과 함께 '미국 우선주의'(America-First) 정책 노선과 그 과정에서의 교역상대국에 대한 일방적인 통상압박으로 신(新)통상기류에 대한 우려를 확산시키고 있다. 하지만 미국은 역사적으로도 자국의 이해관계가 큰 산업 군에 대해서는 일방주의 통상정책을 활용해 왔는데, 대표적인 예가 일본 및 한국의 자동차 산업과 관련된 것이다. 본 논문에서는 자동차 산업을 중심으로 미국의 일방주의 통상정책 사례를 일별한 뒤 향후 미국의 또 다른 주력 산업인 IT, 지적재산, 서비스, 농축산물과 관련해 재연될 소지가 있는 본 정책 노선에 대해 지적하고 이에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 또한, 미국이 상기 일방주의 통상정책으로 기대했던 결과를 달성 했는지에 대한 검토와 평가도 함께 고찰한다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2014

The early and accurate detection of plant viruses is an essential component to control those. Because the globalization of trade by free trade agreement (FTA) and the rapid climate change promote the country-to-country transfer of viruses and their hosts and vectors, diagnosis of viral diseases is getting more important. Because symptoms of viral diseases are not distinct with great variety and are confused with those of abiotic stresses, symptomatic diagnosis may not be appropriate. From the last three decades, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), developed based on serological principle, have been widely used. However, ELISAs to detect plant viruses decrease due to some limitations such as availability of antibody for target virus, cost to produce antibody, requirement of large volume of sample, and time to complete ELISAs. Many advanced techniques allow overcoming demerits of ELISAs. Since the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed as a technique to amplify target DNA, PCR evolved to many variants with greater sensitivity than ELISAs. Many systems of plant virus detection are reviewed here, which includes immunological-based detection system, PCR techniques, and hybridization-based methods such as microarray. Some of techniques have been used in practical, while some are still under developing to get the level of confidence for actual use.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.36-49
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• 2020

This study pertains to direction of exports direction of major agricultural commodities viz., rice, maize, bengal gram, chillies and cotton from India. In the ensuing next decade during 21st century, India is likely to witness changes in the export pattern of these commodities due to both internal and external constraints. One of the major internal constraints is mounting cost of production. Similarly, one of the most important external constraints include excessive subsidization by importing countries that makes Indian commodities less competitive in the international market. So, the important research question is to analyse the direction of exports of major agricultural commodities from India during post-WTO regime. The dynamic nature of trade pattern of the selected commodities was analyzed by employing the first order Markov process by examining gains and losses in respect of export shares of major Indian agricultural commodities to different countries. During the post-WTO regime, it was found that Saudi Arabia for rice, Bangladesh for maize, Pakistan for bengal gram, Malaysia for (dry) chillies, China, mainland for cotton are the loyal destinations for the commodities. The increasing demand for the selected commodities in countries like Saudi Arabia, Côte d'Ivoire for rice; Malaysia for maize; Pakistan and Algeria for Bengal gram; USA and Sri Lanka for (dry) chillies and Vietnam, Pakistan and Indonesia for cotton need to be explored for augmenting the exports. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential that consumer preferences in newer markets, market intelligence and impediments for augmenting exports need to be researched. It is also high time to analyze the export competitiveness of selected commodities across these importing countries.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.127-150
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• 2005

Under the WTO system, the farm size expansion or the existing korean agricultural structure should be improved to cope with farm income decrease and to continue rice cultivation for food security in the future. This study is aimed at identifying optimum farm size under trade liberalization and import and export parity price system of inputs and outputs. The optimum farm size expressed the minimum point of long run average cost is determined as 15.1ha. The farm size to be equalized as urban laborer's income of 37,361 thousand won per year was revealed 30ha. Therefore the G't recommended farm size of 6ha should be changed to 30ha and the concerned policies for agricultural structure improvement also should be changed to more flexibilitiy.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.175-186
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• 2021

Purpose - This study intended to identify the effects of varied institutional systems and policies that regulate or define operations of enterprises upon the profitability of private enterprises through case analysis. Design/methodology/approach - The systems and differences in the institution and commodity distribution in Korea and Japan, which define the operation of the "Garak Wholesale Market" and "Ota Wholesale Market". We were examined in the presentthis study, and the statistical data pertinent to the trade volume and profitability of wholesale market corporations that substantially run both markets, were analyzed. Findings - The competition among the corporations that run the "Garak Wholesale Market" substantially is limited due to regulations over the mode of transaction and monopoly of trust thereby significantly higher level of profitability and safety are guaranteed. However, the institutional autonomy that enabled each distributor in the "Ota Wholesale Market" to compete with each other freely caused the distributors therein face difficulties in securing stable profits due to the relatively poor level of profitability resulted from the autonomy. Research implications or Originality - It seems the autonomy in commercial transaction in the "Garak Wholesale Market" in Korea needs to be secured to promote the competition of distributors therein through an amelioration of institutional systems and amendment of relevant laws that prescribe current management of various distributors/operators in the market.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2020

한국은 좁은 국토에 많은 인구가 거주하여 1인당 가용 수자원량이 세계 평균에 비하여 매우 적다. 이에 따라 국민 개개인이 안정적인 생활을 영위하는데 필요한 수자원의 확보가 절실하다. 더구나 한국은 이미 선진화된 공업국가로서 농업에 대한 국가경제의 의존도가 크게 낮아졌다. 따라서 한국은 외국의 수자원을 활용하지 않으면 국민 개개인에게 현재와 같은 식생활 수준에 맞는 농축산물의 제공이 불가능하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 한국은 아직 가상수에 대한 연구가 미흡하여 수자원계획 수립에서 가상수의 국제교역을 고려하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 상황을 타개하기 위하여 한국을 중심으로 교류하는 가상수의 국제적인 흐름을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 한국과 세계 248개국과의 국가별, 품목별 가상수 수출입 거래량을 파악하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면, 우리나라의 농축산물 가상수의 국제교역은 수입량이 수출량보다 월등히 많고, 수입 가상수는 농산물 부산물을 수입하면서 발생하는 양이 월등히 많았다. 2018년 한국이 전 세계에서 수입한 가상수량은 722억 ㎥으로 수출한 가상수량 25억 ㎥에 비해 무려 29배나 많다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 국내에서 수립되는 국가 수자원계획의 수립에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하게 될 것이다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.121-135
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• 1991

Facing the international open-trade of agricultural and livestock products, a basic strategy is urgently necessary to improve the domestic livestock industry to an international level. Price and quality competitions are the most important target in international trade. Improvement in productivity of livestock is the most important factor in price competition. In recent trade of livestock products, quality competition becomes more important than price competition in livestock products, and will be severer in the future. Basic strategies for higher productivity and safety of livestock products are listed as follows ： 1. Protection from exotic diseases 2. Eradication of indigenous diseases 3. Development of new methods and techniques for control of animal diseases 4. Application of hygiene and management techniques 5. Safety evaluation of feedstuffs and animal drugs, and 6. Development of technique and regulations for prevention and monitoring of residue of harmful chemicals.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.95-108
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• 1995

Localization trends in Korea and trade liberalization in the world are the important challenges to agricultural extension services in Korea, and strategic directions in terms of system, organization, programs and conciousness would be necessary for adapting to the new circunstances. Some of the measures to improve and activate agricultural extension services in Korea should include the following: 1) Modification of extension personnel appointment regulations to secure specialized extension agents by the provincial administrators and county directors at the provincial and county level rural extension services. 2) Flexible organization and operation of county level rural guidance offices to meet the specific needs of local areas. 3) Strenghening the central government's financial support for effective local extension services in terms of facility and manpower. 4) Expansion of agricultural extension programs for women and urban people and quality inservice training for extension personnel.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.168-181
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• 1994

This paper reviews the development of Uruguay Round of GATT talks and forecasts its effect on regional agriculture particularly concerning Chungnarn provincial agriculture. Since agriculture is composed of main industry for Chungnam economy, as imports of cheap agricultural products increase, domestic price of farm products will rapidly decrease so that it might discourage domestic production and have severe adverse consequences in regional farm economy. To cope with agricultural trade liberalization, directions which regional agriculture should pursue are suggested as follows; 1) to establish the integrated rural development strategy so as to improve living conditions in rural area equivalent to urban area, 2) to adjust the agricultural institute system facing diversification of farming type, 3) to encourage commercialized farmers in order to maintain adequate farm income, 4) to increase R&D investment on comparatively advanced technology compared with other regions, 5) to foster farmers' organization and to rear young farmers to protect family farms.