• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.784-793
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• 2011

Activities on golf courses are believed to contribute to the degradation of water quality in receiving waters due to the excessive use of farm chemicals including fertilizers and pesticides. The objective of this study was to collect basic data that could explain the characteristics of non-point source (NPS) pollution discharged from a golf course. Twenty seven water quality monitoring was conducted at a golf course during the rainy season of 2008 and 2009. The results indicated that the ranges of the Event Mean Concentration (EMC) at the golf course were $BOD_5$ 1.8~11.3 (ave. 5.6) mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ 19.2~51.4 (ave. 39.6) mg/L, TOC 11.0~31.0 (ave. 16.8) mg/L, TN 1.545~16.098 (ave. 5.623) mg/L, TP 0.230~4.528 (ave. 1.525) mg/L, and SS 2.2~57.3 (ave. 10.1) mg/L. The unit loads of the golf course estimated were $BOD_5$ $3.35kg/km^2/day$, SS $6.43kg/km^2/day$, $COD_{Mn}$ $30.00kg/km^2/day$, TN $4.04kg/km^2/day$, TP $1.14kg/km^2/day$, and TOC $12.16kg/km^2/day$. Golf courses are currently classified as a grass field in which the unit loads are different from golf courses. Therefore, it was recommended that golf courses need to be separated from the grass field when the surveys and modelings for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) development and the evaluation of TMDL implementation were performed.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.56-70
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• 2017

본 연구는 태화강 유역을 중심으로 다중영상정보 등을 이용하여 비점오염원 분포도 제작 및 분석을 하였다. 자료취득을 위하여 하이퍼센서와 항공사진, 그리고 지상분광센서를 통하여 자료를 수집하였고, 각 자료들에 대하여 영상보정과정을 거쳐 정사영상을 제작하였다. 그리고 지상분광측정을 통하여 분류등급별 분광스펙트럼을 분석하고 토지피복도와 비점오염원 분포도를 제시하였다. 태화강 유역의 비점오염원 분석에서 발생부하량 분포도는 산림과 농경지가 주로 분포하는 서쪽 지역의 경우 BOD($kg/km^2{\times}day$)가 1.0~2.3, TN($kg/km^2{\times}day$)이 0.06~9.44, TP($kg/km^2{\times}day$)는 0.03~0.24의 낮은 부하량 분포를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 도시화가 진행된 동쪽 지역의 경우 토지이용을 대지로 분류한 결과 BOD 85.9, TN 13.69, TP 2.76의 비교적 높은 부하량 분포도가 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2009

In order to improve water quality of upper watershed of Paldang reservoir, it is necessary to evaluate non-point source pollution loads and identify critical watershed pollution sources. A GIS based Soil and Water Assessment Tool was applied to evaluate model application and reliability, estimate NPS pollution load, identify critical watershed by NPS pollution sources, and suggest various best management practices for Kyongan Stream watershed. Yearly NPS pollution loads were estimated 30.0% SS, 60.1% TN and 35.4% TP, respectably. The watershed pollution load is mainly decided by precipitation condition and SS and nutrients load have a significant regression relationship. Based on 10-year average yearly NPS pollution load, critical sub-watersheds were identified. The No. 5 and 17 which have lots of relatively intensive agricultural fields and scattered industrial area were vary critical sub-watersheds and under more intensive pollution load. In order to control critical watershed, watershed best management practices such as scientific fertilizer, contour farming and parallel terrace, transferring the sloppy farmland to grass or forest and constructing a buffer zone, and constructing wetlands and retention ponds will be applied. Overall the SWAT model can be efficiently used for identification of critical sub-watersheds in order to develop a priority watershed management plan to reduce water pollutions.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2005

동진강 수질관리 대안을 제시하고자 점 및 비점 오염원으로부터 발생, 배출, 유달부하량을 평가하였다. 용호 덕천천 유역은 BOD의 평균농도가 4.44 mg $L^{-1}$로 동진강 유역에서 가장 높았으며, T-N의 농도는 7.44 mg $L^{-1}$를 나타냈다. 정읍천 유역은 BOD의 평균농도가 2.29 mg $L^{-1}$, T-N의 농도는 4.40 mg $L^{-1}$, T-P의 농도는 0.27 mg $L^{-1}$를 나타냈다. 칠보천 유역은 타 지역에 비하여 오염도가 가장 낮았으며, BOD의 평균 농도는 1.19 mg $L^{-1}$로 I급수 수질을 나타냈고, T-N의 농도는 3.15 mg $L^{-1}$, T-P의 농도는 0.13 mg $L^{-1}$이었다. 원평천과 신평천은 BOD의 평균 농도가 $2.59{\sim}3.56mg\;L^{-1}$를 나타냈으며, T-N의 농도는 $4.06{\sim}7.35mg\;L^{-1}$로 타 지역에 비해 다소 높았다. 동진강 각 유역별 비점오염의 T-N 배출부하량은 원평천, 고부천, 용호 덕천천, 정읍천, 신평천 유역 순으로 많았다. T-P 배출부하량은 고부천 유역이 53 kg $day^{-1}$, 용호 덕천천 유역이 58 kg $day^{-1}$, 정읍천 유역이 45 kg $day^{-1}$, 원평천 유역이 68 kg $day^{-1}$, 칠보천 유역이 30 kg $day^{-1}$, 신평천 유역이 30kg $day^{-1}$이었다. 배출부하량의 오염원별 비율은 축산에 의한 영향이 가장 컸다. 용호천 유역은 강우기와 비강우기 T-N 유달부하량 차이가 매우 컸으며, 칠보천 유역은 비강우기와 강우기에 T-N 유달부하랑이 크지 않았다. 유역별 BOD, T-N, T-P의 유달율은 동진강 모든 유역에서 100% 이하였으나 강우시 T-N 유달율은 용호천 유역이 119.4%, 칠보천 유역이 117.5%로 높았다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

After execute quantitative analysis that choose station and compose floodgate quality of water net and use floodgate data and quality of water data analysis target Sign of the cock as 1 dimension access for Non-point pollution source pollution and estimate of Gaeuncheon's at Kyongsangbukdo report to the Throne in this research, presented parameter conclusion notation model (AGNPS) in real condition of our agricultural area through comparison with spot value and result is as following in reply. With result observation and analysis result of the AGNPS model the comparison which it will pay from the hazard which it analyzes 2005, the rainfall thought which is used in the analysis to select 8 heavy rain thoughts 2005 July - is data until of September. Actual amount of rainfall 6.0~195.0 mm one time the antecedent precipitation showed API5 case 0.0~507.0mm and were observed peak flows (Qpeak) each from the P-1 $0.026m^3/sec{\sim}9.265m^3/sec$, from the P-2 $0.010m^3/sec-2.747m^3/sec$ and from the P-3c $0.064m^3/sec-13.482m^3/sec$ to show. Also amendment AMC condition it will be cool and it uses and the AGNPS model conference the result which it occurs, analysis and regression analysis of actual flow for as 0.992 very the possibility of getting the result which is good there was a decisive coefficient which is cool. But the gun is (T-P) with the total nitrogen (T-N) decisive coefficient each as 0.794 and 0.849 the presumption which is reliability generally will pay and with the fact that it will be the possibility of getting it is judged.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2008

As a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, riparian areas of rivers and streams play significant roles in production and decomposition for river and stream systems. Understanding of the physical and ecological characteristics of riparian areas are, therefore, important for the management of river and stream systems. It is especially important to understand the characteristics of riparian areas for the Nakdong River in Korea which has a large watershed area and diverse land uses. This study aimed at collecting field data, according to stream types, which are essential for the management of riparian areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Nakdong River, Korea. Most riparian areas surveyed in this study had roads within 100 meters from river edges. Distances from water edge to banks were less than 1m for most riparian areas neighboring agricultural lands, indicating that those areas might be very vulnerable to pollutant inputs from non-point sources. Water quality data indicated that soil erosion in the riparian areas could be a major source of phosphorus input to the Nakdong River and land use patters might have a significant influence on nitrogen concentration in the river. Heavy metal concentrations in soils of the riparian areas of the river were below soil quality standards, except arsenic and chromium. Vegetation surveys showed that therophytes were the most frequently occurred riparian plants in the Nakdong River. Number of aquatic plant species increased downstream, with the most diverse aquatic plants observed in wetlands and irrigation canals of the West Nakdong River. Occurrence rate of naturalized plants and urbanization index were high in the survey sites adjacent to urban and agricultural areas.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to develop a linked watershed-waterbody modeling system and to assess the impacts of indirect wastewater reuse on irrigation water quality. The Osan stream watershed within Gyeonggi-do of South Korea was selected for this study. The linked modeling system was composed of the SWAT (Soil and water assessment tool) and QUALKO2 models. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the stream discharge and water quality data from 2010 to 2011. Runoff and non-point source pollutants from each subbasin and stream discharge from 1980 to 2009 were simulated by the SWAT model and applied to the QUALKO2 model. The QUALKO2 model was calibrated and validated under the conditions of low water and normal discharges, respectively. Finally, The 10-day irrigation water quality from April to September was simulated. The statistical measures of coefficient of determination ($R^2$), reliability index (RI), and efficiency index (EI) were used to evaluate the system performance. The $R^2$, RI and EI values ranged from 0.5 to 1.0, 1.03 to 1.92, and -35.03 to 0.95, respectively. The 10-day irrigation water quality showed the concentrations of BOD and coliform exceeded the water quality guidelines for wastewater reuse. The linked modeling system can be a useful tool to estimate non-point source pollutant loads in watershed and to control the water quality of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and irrigation water in the downstream waterbody.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

Simple regression models for pollutants load estimation of paddy developed by the Ministry of Environment in 1995 were tested with the data (T-N, T-P, $COD_{Mn}$, and SS) collected from Yeongsan and Seomjin river watersheds, and improvement measures were suggested. Overall, the simulated values showed a great difference from the measured values except for T-P according to the statistical analyses (RMSE, root mean square error; RMAE, root mean absolute error; RB, relative bias; EI, efficiency index). Such difference was assumed due to the fact that the models use only hydrologic factors (quantity factor) associated with precipitation and run-off as input parameters, but do not consider other factors which are likely to affect pollutant concentration (quality factor) including days after fertilization. In addition, in terms of accessibility of the models, some parameters in the models such as run-off depth and run-off amount which can not be obtained from the weather database but should be collected by on-site measurements need to be replaced with other variables.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 GIS와 RS(Landsat TM, KOMPSAT EOC) 데이터를 이용한 AGNPS(Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution) 모형의 적용성을 판단하기 위한 것이다. AGNPS 모형은 잘 알려진 분포형 강우사상 모형으로써 이 모형은 밭의 시비수준과 축산농가의 오염 부하 수준을 적용할 수 있어 이를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있는 방법을 평가 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 대상 유역은 경기도 안성군 고산면(정동리, 야동리, 쌍령리)에 위치하고, 20개의 소규모 축산 농가가 산재해 있는 면적 $4.12km^2$ 내에 소유역이다. AGNPS 모형의 입력 데이터는 Arc/Info, GRASS, ER-Mapper, Idrisi를 사용하여 구축되었다. 모형의 보정 및 검증을 위해 사용된 강우 자료는 1시간 간격으로 관측된 1999년의 4개의 강우사상(5월 18일, 7월 29일, 9월 10일, 9월 20일)을 사용하였고, 수질 측정은 4개의 지점에서 측정된 실측자료를 사용하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2001

우리 나라의 농업지대 소유역에서 질소와 인의 부하에 대한 농업비점오염 모형 AGNPS의 적용 가능성을 검토하고자 경북 영천군 임고천 유역에서 조사된 실제 강우사상에 대하여 강우사상별로 실측치와 모형의 예측치를 비교하였다. CN 식에 대한 보정을 거친 모형을 적용한 결과, 첨두유량은 강우에 따라 다소 차이는 있었으나 예측치는 모형효율 0.97로 실측치와 거의 일치하였다. 이는 유역의 특성을 고려하여 CN 식을 수정하였고 유역의 동질성을 위해 격자망을 비교적 세분화하였기 때문으로 판단된다. 총 질소와 총인 농도의 경우의 실측치와 예측치를 비교하면 모형효율은 각각 0.93과 0.74였으며, 총인의 경우 총질소에 비해 결정계수가 비교적 낮은 것은 토지 이용에 따른 시비 및 생활 및 축산 오수 유입 등의 차이에 상대적으로 민감하게 영향을 받았기 때문으로 판단된다. 농업비점오염 부하를 예측하는 모형인 AGNPS는 적용 대상 유역의 특성을 잘 고려하여 매개변수들을 적절히 보정하고 정확한 입력자료를 확보하면 우리 나라 소규모 농업 유역에서도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.