• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1069-1073
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• 2016

The current free-riding subway system for the elderly over 65 years old has been implemented since in 1980. As the aging population increases, the number of free riders also increases. It results eventually in the increase of subsidy from government. In addition, a transfer between subway and bus is not good enough since the free ride system is applied to only subway not to bus. The aim of this study is to analyze the transport card data to understand the impact of free-riding in the viewpoint of economic issues. It aims also to analyze the transfer patterns between public transport. At the end it compares Korea case with international cases and finds out some issues on free-ride systems. Finally, counter-measures aimed at improving the current free-rider system is suggested.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.152-160
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• 2004

Backgrounds : Androgenetic alopecia is a relatively common disorder, but its precise mechanism is not elucidated. There are two commercial drugs approved by FDA. One(finasteride) has an inhibition activity of 5$\alpha$-reductase(type 2) and the other(minoxidil) has a vasodilation activity. Objectives : A verified herbal remedy for baldness is needed for medicinal treatment or preventing alopecia, which could be demonstrated by alopecia-related in vitro & in vivo tests Methods : On the basis of oriental pharmacognosy, we classified many herbal medicines into four groups (malnutrition, aging, alopecia and gray hair) according to its effect. The mitosis induction of hairy dermal papillae cell and the metabolic inhibition for type 2 $5{\alpha}-reductase$ were tested with five herbal extracts. Also, five herbal extracts were added to the normal essence formulation (HHRHG0202-80) in ranges of 0.1~0.3%, which was applied two-mouse models to validate each hair growing activity in vivo. Results : Stimulation of follicular papillae cell proliferation was observed in treatment of three herbal extracts (Glycyrrhizae radix:159.7%, Corni fructus : 144.7%, and Coicis semen : 136.6%) at a dose of $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. Three herbal extracts (Biotae semen. Glycyrrhizae radix and Coicis semen) showed inhibitory activity for $5{\alpha}-reductase$(type 2) at 93.18%, 73.36% and 47.6%, respectively at the same dose. We observed the enhancement of hair growth activity in C57b1/6 mouse and the inhibition of alopecia in AGA mouse after topical administration of the hair essence. Conclusions : Hair essence product, which contains five medicinal plants, would be used for the remedy for male pattern baldness (MPB) and the other alopecia diseases.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.544-551
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• 2015

Background Changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur between the proliferating and involuted phases of infantile hemangiomas (IH), and are associated with angiogenic growth. We examined the composition of the ECM in proliferating and involuted IHs and assessed correlations between the composition of the ECM and whether the IH was in the proliferating or the involuted phase. Methods We evaluated IH samples from a cohort of patients who had five proliferating IHs and five involuted IHs. The following ECM molecules were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunohistochemistry: laminin, fibronectin, collagen type I, collagen type II, and collagen type III. Results The involuted IHs had higher levels of deposition of collagen type III than the proliferating IHs. The median values (interquartile ranges) were 1.135 (0.946-1.486) and 1.008 (0.780- 1.166) (P=0.019), respectively. The level of laminin was higher in involuted IHs than in proliferating IHs, with median values (interquartile ranges) of 3.191 (2.945-3.191) and 2.479 (1.699- 3.284) (P=0.047), respectively. Abundant collagen type III staining was found in involuted IHs. Laminin ${\alpha}4$ chain staining was clearly present within the basement membrane adjacent to the blood vessels, and was significantly more intense in involuted IHs than in proliferative IHs. Conclusions Involuted hemangiomas showed extensive deposition of collagen III and laminin, suggesting that differences in the composition of the ECM reflect stages of the development of IHs. This pattern may be due to the rapid senescence of IHs.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.107-127
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• 2010

This research is about the monitoring of people's consciousness on ecosystem change after coastal restoration project in Gangjin Bay. Tidal flat ecosystem of Ganjin Bay was major producing district of short-necked clam in Jeonnam Province. Owing to coastal restoration project (sand gathering and dredging) during 5 years, however, ecosystem was disturbed and harvesting of fish was decreased. Although a few of ark shell and oyster are harvested but drastically decreased. Even aging and depopulation is general situation like other rural regions, life pattern of villages and depopulation in Gangjin Bay was influenced by drastic decreasing of income. As the results of social monitoring, drastic decreasing of fish and shell in Gangjin Bay is significantly concerned with coastal restoration project (sand gathering and dredging) and also with difficulty of fresh-water inflow to coastal bay because of Jangheung Dam. In order to get the detail information on the cause and consequence of ecosystem change in tidal flat, it is necessary to apply the long-term socio-economic monitoring as well as biological and ecosystem monitoring.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.627-634
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• 2016

In this paper, an augmented video generation method to evaluate the performance of lane departure warning system is proposed. In our system, the input is a video which have road scene with general clean lane, and the content of output video is the same but the lane is synthesized with contamination image. In order to synthesize the contamination lane image, two approaches were used. One is example-based image synthesis, and the other is background-based image synthesis. Example-based image synthesis is generated in the assumption of the situation that contamination is applied to the lane, and background-based image synthesis is for the situation that the lane is erased due to aging. In this paper, a new contamination pattern generation method using Gaussian function is also proposed in order to produce contamination with various shape and size. The contamination lane video can be generated by shifting synthesized image as lane movement amount obtained empirically. Our experiment showed that the similarity between the generated contamination lane image and real lane image is over 90 %. Futhermore, we can verify the reliability of the video generated from the proposed method through the analysis of the change of lane recognition rate. In other words, the recognition rate based on the video generated from the proposed method is very similar to that of the real contamination lane video.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.722-740
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• 2017

This study was conducted to offer basic data that can be used in a clothing industry for active senior males that are emerging as a new consumer bracket in a rapid aging age. To this end, this study conducted an analysis of 'younger' older male body types based on data from the 6th Size Korea. As a result of the body type analysis of 'younger' older males who are considered active seniors in comparison to 'middle' aged males, the former's height items became shorter compared to 'middle' aged males, but circumference items were bigger. Males aged 35-69, who are 'middle' aged males and 'younger' old males were divided into three body types in this study: Type1- small body type with protruded belly, compared to weight. Type 2- body type of slim torso with wide shoulder-back widths. Type3- big body type overall with tall height and heavy weight. According to body type distribution by age group, the middle-aged males had Type2 body type the most. The younger-old males showed type1 the most. There is a need to reflect the body types of active senior male characteristics in apparel pattern design because the current fits are not appropriate if active senior males wear clothing targeted for males aged 30-50.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.07e
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• pp.1761-1763
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• 1997

Because of internal voids in insulators give rise to partial discharge (PD), which cause local breakdown and even entire insulation breakdown. Treeing due to PD is one of the main causes of breakdown of the insulating materials and reduction of the insulation life. Therefore the necessity for establishing a method to diagnose the aging of insulation materials and to predict the breakdown of insulation has become important. From this viewpoint, our studies diagnose insulation degradation using the method of computer sensing system, which has the advantages of PD and acoustic emission (AE) sensing system. To use advantages of these two methods can be used effectively to search for treeing location and PD in some materials. In analysis method of degradation, We analyzed the PD pulse and AE pulses by regression analysis, compared to these obtained the correlation coefficient and determination coefficient by T-distribution and saw that PD and AE pulses show a similar pattern on the whole. This is in agreement with the results of the research by Yoshimura and Fujita.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.454-467
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• 2015

Reflecting the consumer's desire to look young, the "down-aging" trend, which blurs the distinctions between age groups, is the latest craze in the fashion market. The popularity of this trend made brand identities similar, resulting in customers becoming more interested in segmented notions of fashion (in terms of the story, design, high-quality material, etc.) regarding the product, and in particular, focus has become oriented to the fitness to the human body. In this sense, the researcher aimed to develop the prototype of a slim-fit tailored jacket that fits the standard somatotypes of women in their 30s well. For the purpose of this research, slim-fit tailored jackets from existing brands were collected and analyzed, and a subsequent wearability test was conducted based on the standard somatotype of women in their 30s. The research patterns were prototype of the developed slim fit tailored jacket are bust size of 3.8 cm, waist of 7 cm, and hip size of 3.8 cm. Then the research patterns were selected to develop the prototype of a properly fitting slim-fit tailored jacket. As outlined above, the development of a slim-fit tailored jacket prototype for the standard somatotypes of women in their 30s was conducted by solving the fitness issues of existing brands in order to produce properly fitting jackets that satisfy consumers.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyzed the coordination of lower limb of elderly women who experienced a fall to present basic information for sports science and to deal with the factors that make elderly women fall more effectively. Twenty elderly women were divided into two groups of 10. The mechanisms of balancing lower limb during walk and differences were compared and analyzed using motion analysis and electromyography. The findings of this study are as follows. The first, walking patterns of these women were unstable as their hip joints did not provide sufficient support because of aging. Second, the left and right knee joints showed different walking patterns. The third, the motions of ankle joints became abnormal with increased age. As for the activation of major lower limb muscles, rectus fermois muscle and biceps fermois muscle contracted more to prevent the bending of knees and moved forward while anterior tibial muscle and inner gastrocnemius muscle were demanded highly during walk and the rate of plantar flexion was reduced.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.41-54
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to research on status of physical discomfort and clothing life including clothing inconvenience for enhancing self-reliance of elderly women, newly emerging consumer. The subject of research were 346 elderly women who aged 60 or older in Seoul and Seoul Suburbs. Survey consisted of questions about body discomfort, satisfaction and purchasing criteria of ready-to-wear, the inconvenience of clothing. The results of this study are as follows: Physical discomforts were generally associated with the ability to regulate body temperature. The biggest complaint of ready-to-wear was the price, and the next were the size and activity. In purchasing criteria, 'clothes to fit my body shape', 'clothes easy to put on and take off', 'comfortable clothes to work' showed high score. In clothing inconvenience, 'feel inconvenience due to several layers of clothing to avoid chilliness', 'feel heaviness in the waist due to tightness', 'feel chilliness even when wearing several layers of clothing in the winter' were the most uncomfortable parts. Subjects over the age of 80 years and needed the help of others in activities experienced more inconvenience in clothing life. It seems that body discomfort such as dulness of movement and loss of body temperature regulation capability due to aging had a influence on their clothing life. This problem could be improved by the adjustment of pattern allowance, the selection of the fastener, and the proper use of functional fabric. The results of this study will be used as a basis for development of the elderly women's clothing to increase convenience and mobility in everyday life.