• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 2002

Steam cakes were prepared with the addition of pine needle powder(Pinus densiflora Seib. et Zucc) at 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and their sensory quality and mechanical characteristics were compared. Sensory evaluation was performed and compared between the subjects in twenties and forties of age. As a result of the sensory evaluation in forties, steam cake with 3% pine needle powder showed the highest score in overall acceptability; however, in the group of twenties, control cake with no pine needle powder showed the highest score. In the measurement of color changes, L value(lightness) was decreased, but a value(redness) and b value(yellowness) were increased as the addition of pine needle powder increased. In textural characteristics, the hardness, springiness, gumminess and brittleness of steam cake were decreased by the increase of pine needle powder. The hardness and brittleness were increased as the storage time increased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1985

To learn more about the productivity of edible meat and its functional properties of spent hen, 60 White Leghorn fowls at 20 month of age were randomly divided into 6 groups, 10 hen for each group, and processed. As the productivity of edible meat, the yield of dressed carcass, giblets, cut-up meat, and breast and leg (thigh and drustick) muscles were determined. The approximate chemical composition, the content of salt-soluble protein, the emulsifying capacity and W.H.C. of breast and leg muscle were measured as the functional properties. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The average live weight of spent hen was 1,576.7g from which the yield of dressed carcass and giblets were 998.9g(63.4%) and 75.3g(4.8%) respectively. It means the yield of ready-to-cook form was 1,074.2g(68.2%) and the inedible byproducts was 502.5g (31.8%). 2. The average, weight of each part of cut-up chicken were: neck 41.0g(4.1%), wings 135.9g (13.6%), breast 276.7g (27.7%), legs 323.6g (42.4%). back 176.1g(17.6%) and the cutting-loss was 45.6g(4.6%). 3. The average weight of total edible muscle from breast and leg was 51.5g(85.86% of breast and leg cut weight) and the percentages based on the carcass and live weights were 51.6% and 32.7%, respectively. 4. The contents of H$_2$O, protein, fat and water-protein ratio of breast muscle were 72.95%, 20.54%, 1.59% and 3.55, respectively and those of leg muscle were 71.9%, 19.12%, 3.96% and 3.76%, respectively. 5. The salt-soluble protein contents of breast and leg muscle were 7.97% and 6.26% and their concentrations based on the total protein content were 38.8% and 32.74%, respectively. 6. The emulsifying capacity of breast and leg muscle was 43.23$m\ell$and 43.23$m\ell$, respectively. 7. The W. H. C- of breast and leg muscle was 54.23% and 52.61%, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.53-77
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• 2005

This thesis analyzes the effectiveness of master's transformational and transactional leadership on organizational commitment as well as job satisfaction of private security, scrutinizes the difference in master's leadership according to social-demographic group. The sum of this thesis is as follows. To begin with, analyzed the difference of leadership style according to social-demographic characteristics of private security, it showed that monthly income is over 2.5 million won as well as people over 30 years old have higher transformational leadership than the others. That is, the older people's age is and the more someone gains his living, the higher he esteems and trusts his master who has charisma, personal concern and shows intellectual stimulus. And examined thoroughly the difference of organizational commitment as well as job satisfaction in accordance with social-demographic characteristics of private security, people who are 20-25 years old, are college graduates and employees who have worked for 2-3 years do well calculational commitment. It means that the younger he is and the lower academic background is, the higher calculational commitment is by the profit and loss which affects them. Secondly, inquired into consequence of leadership style on job satisfaction. Leadership of intellectual stimulus has negative effect on job satisfaction, whereas it has positive effect on conditional compensation. Exactly, if the master exhibits leadership that stimulate to improve an initiative, it reduces the job satisfaction. On the contrary, for the reason that his master indicates leadership that accompanies conditional compensation, job satisfaction tends to increase. Finally, judged from the effects of leadership style on organizational commitment, the charisma, the lower factor of transformational leadership affects to emotional commitment positively and then, it shows that employees tend to become attached to the organization and have a sense of oneness with it, if their master is able to show charismatic leadership. In conclusion, the private security companies pursue employees whose school career and payment is lower because of incidence in labor expense related with the profit and loss. Owing to it, employees are not satisfied with their job much. And also there is the change in increasing rate of job satisfaction according to business performance of the conditional compensation, i.e. a consideration, a promotion, etc., and the calculational commitment. Therefore, the university should try to focus on the researches for cultivate more professional manpower for business, the companies must try to make better deal, offer welfare for their employees to develop of the private security industry, to rise the job satisfaction of private security. And then, investigation to find private security's own level ought to be done by organic industry-academic cooperation of university and industries.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.272-282
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• 1985

A dietary survey by 3-day food record, clinical examination, urinary riboflavin excretion, and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient ( EGRAC ) were measured on forty -eight female college students residing in Seoul. Thirty -one students were on normal diet and seventeen were lacto - ovo vegetarians. The results are as following : (1) Students had lower intakes of energy, similar intakes of protein and higher intake of riboflavin compared to Korean RDA for their age group. Vegetarians were lower in energy and protein intakes but were similar in RF compared to omnivores. (2) Mean EGRAC values were $1.24{\pm}0.03$ for all subjects, $1.19{\pm}0.04$ for omnivores, and $1.32{\pm}0.06$ for vegetarians. Percentages of subjects with EGRAC values above 1.2 were 65% in all subjects, 55% in omnivores, and 82% in vegetarians. Therefore, it was concluded that vegetarians were more severe in biochemical lesions than omnivores despite the fact that their RF intakes were similar to omnivores. (3) Eighteen students who had EGRAC values above 1.2 were given daily supplementation of 5mg RF for one week and EGRAC determination was repeated. They all returned to normal range. (4) Correlation analyses showed that there was no significant correlation between the EGRAC values and dietary intakes of nutrients. Possible explanations for this were given. From these results, it was concluded that even though dietary RF intakes of the subjects were higher than Korean RDA levels, biochemical deficiency among the subjects was remarkably high if the criteria of EGRAC > 1.2 were used. More investigations are necessary to establish a criteria for biochemical deficiency and RDA levels of riboflavin for Koreans.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

Objectives: We investigated the factors related to health examination behaviors, sociodemographic aspects and lifestyles of elderly persons with different social backgrounds, and compared sexual and regional differences in urban and rural elderlies. Methods: The total study subjects(464 individuals) from urban(236) and rural areas(228), recruited by a stratified cluster random sampling were interviewed and examined about their sociodemographic profiles, daily lifestyles, subjective health status, conditions concerning use of medical resources, hearing acuity, visual acuity and ADL(activity of daily living), and whether they receive health examination or not. For statistical analysis, Chi-square test was used for sexual and regional comparisons among the groups who have been given a health examination and the one who have not. Results: In urban areas, the rate of having underwent health examination was 54.5% in men and 46.9% in women, and in rural areas, it was 59.8% in men and 42.7% in women, showing its higher rate in men than in women in both areas. For regional differences between the group who have taken a health examination and the one who have not, there was a significant difference in terms of age, family pattern, current job, monthly household income, owning a house, drinking status, eating habit, subjective health status, whether they have taken outpatient medical service for the recent 3 months or not, anxiety for the health, and IADL conditions according to whether the community is rural or urban. In multiple regressions, the influential factors on the health examination behaviors were selected such as having their own house, their family doctor, amnesia, urinary incontinence and chronic disease in urban districts. But in rural districts, the variables were selected such as having or not of their family doctor, urinary incontinence, anxiety for the health, educational level, their own house and chronic disease. Conclusions: It is suggested that the approach to the health examination of an older patient requires substantial consideration of highly variable individual sociodemographic characteristics involving regional attributes as well as their daily life styles, subjective health status, status of performing health examination, physical health status and ADL conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2011

The study aims to provide future implications for planning nature trails called Dullegil in the national park located in the city in Korea as new visiting culture for sustainability of environment and use. The telephone survey used quota sampling with 300 Seoulite ages from 20 to 69 by area, gender, and age, which was conducted to find out the perception on a Dullegil in Bukhansan National Park. The result shows more than 65% of Seoulite go climbing and aiming the mountain top as a general visitor behavior. The intention to use Dullegil was very high at 58%, which forecasts the use of Dullegil as a substitute for a trail to the intensified mountain top. However, the effectiveness of Dullegil to divert intensive use could be limited as the major group of climbers showed relatively low intention to use Dullegil as an alternative. As for the management direction, majority favors balanced management between use and conservation, even if conservation was preferred to use. Most important guiding principle for building Dullegil was conservation of environment, the planning direction should be oriented to conserve the ecological environment of Bukhansan, and to enjoy its value. Facilities for visitor safety was most needed. Most preferable time and length were 1~3 hours and 11~20km, each. This study has a limitation as the site was limited to Bukhansan and potential demand for use was analyzed with the sample of Seoulite only. To come up with the results generally applicable, more detailed future researches by the visitor segmentation, use behavior, and demand are needed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2004

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding Lactobacillus reuteri culture (LR) on productive performance, intestinal microflora and availability in laying hens. Four hundred and eighty, Isa-Brown layers, 49 weeks of age, were fed diets supplemented with LR at the level of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, and $0.4\%$ of the diets for eight weeks. Egg production and egg weight were measured daily. Feed intake was weighed every two weeks. Egg quality was measured three times at the start, mid-term, and end of the experiment. Intestinal microflora were examined for Lactobacillus spp., E. coli and Salmonella at the end of the experiment. Overall egg production was the highest in $0.2\%$ LR (P<0.05), but that of $0.1\%$ or $0.4\%$ LR treatments did not significantly differ from that of control. Egg weight was significantly higher in LR feeding group than the control (P<0.05). Daily egg mass was significantly higher in $0.2\%$ and $0.4\%$ LR treatments compared to the control and $0.1\%$ LR (P<0.05). The number of jumbo and extra large eggs were increased in LR supplemented groups, especially in $0.1\%$ LR. Feed intake of layers fed LR supplemented diets tended to be lower than the control. However, feed conversion ratio significantly improved in LR supplemented groups (P<0.05). Availability of dry matter and crude protein improved significantly in $0.4\%$ LR treatment (P<0.05). But, those of ether extract and crude ash were not significantly different among treatments. Eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness were not significantly influenced by LR supplementation, and Haugh unit and yolk index were also similar to the control. Total number of Lactobacillus spp. in ileum and cecum fed LR supplemented diets were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in intestinal E. coli and Salmonella in all treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri culture can improve the laying performance, feed efficiency and intestinal Lactobacillus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.593-600
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• 1996

To investigate the dining habits in relation to Kimchi for the Koreans in Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS), a survey was conducted to 199 Koreans living in Moscow, Sahalin, Uzbekistan, and Kazakstan. Most of the respondents answered that thor keep the Korean food lifestyle, and especially the old age group and Koreans in Sahalin showed higher ratio for Korean food lifestyle. In the Kimchi preference and Kimchi consumption, 85.9% of the respondents like Kimchi because Kimchi is our traditional food and its taste is good, and 95% of them consumed Kimchi once or more everyday. In the kinds of Kimchi, 99% of the respondents had experiences in eating or seeing Chinese cabbage Kimchi, 91.5% cucumber Kimchi, 88.4% cabbage Kimchi, 82.4% white water Kimchi, 75.4% sikhae, respectively, while the frequencies of kakdugi, chonggak Kimchi, and leek Kimchi were relatively low. In connection with the utilization of Kimchi, many respondents answered that Kimchi is sometimes used in cooking of Kimchi cchigae or Kimchi bokkum. Most of Russians like Kimchi in spite of the hot taste and it shows the possibility that Kimchi can be spread throughout foreign countries.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.77-99
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• 1992

The study was carried out at W. hospital, an affiliated hospital of Y university, involved a total of 163 patients who were discharged from the hospital between May 1990 und March 199J. Data collection was twice, just prior to discharge and a minimum of three months post discharge. Thirty patients who lived within a hour travel time of the hospital received home care during the three months post discharge. Nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions For these patients were analyzed in this study. The results of the study are summarized as follows : 1. Discharge needs for the subjects of the study were analyzed using Gordon's eleven Functional categories and it was found that 48.3% of the total sample had identified nursing needs. Of these, the needs most frequently identified were in the categories of sexuality, 79.3 %, health perception, 68.2 % self concept, 62.5 %, and sleep and rest 62.5 %. Looking ut j he nursing diagnosis that were made for the 30 patients receiving home care, the following diagnoses were the most frequently given; alteration in sexual pattern 79.3%, alterations in health maintenance, 72.6%, alteration in comfort, 68.0%, depression, 64.0%, noncompliance with diet therapy, 6.3.7%, alteration in self concept, 55.6%, and alteration in sleep pattern, 53%. 2. In looking at the effects of home nursing care as demonstrated by changes in the functional categories over the three month period, it was Found that of the 11 functional categories, the need level for health perception, nutrition, activity and self concept decreased slightly over the three month period. On the average sleep patterns improved, but restfulness was slightly less and bowel elimination patterns improved but satisfaction with urinary elimination was slightly less. On the other hand, role enactment, sexuality, stress management and spirituality decreased slightly. The only results that were statistically significant at the 0.05 level were improvement. in digestion and decrease in pain. No statistically significant changes were found in ability related to ADL, the total ADL Score at discharge was $19.78{\pm}8.234, and after 3 months $19.01{\pm}8.12$. Considering that a majority of the patients were over 60 years of age and that many had brain or spinal cord injuries, the fact that their ADL ability did nor deteriorate after discharge can be interpreted as related to a positive impact by the home health care nurses. Similarly there was a slight be not statistically significant decrease in the quality of life scores between the two lest times(l47.83 at discharge and 113.02 at the three month period). Again, when the chronic nature of thee problems facing these patients is considered this maintenance of quality of life can be interpreted as a positive impact by the home health care nurses. 3. One of the home care nursing activities was diagnosis. For this activity it was found that for nine functional health categories(sexuality and spirituality excepted) there were 20 nursing diagnoses. The most frequent were noncompliance, alteration in skin integrity both actual and potential, and impaired physical mobility in that order. 4. Delivery of home health care by the home health nurses included the following nursing activities; assessment, patient education, demonstration of care activities, counselling, direct care to the patient and referrals. Direct care included changing dressings, bladder irrigations, changing Foley catheters, measurement of residual urine, perineal care, position change, back care, oral hygiene, exercise and massage of motion exercises, cleansing enemas, tracheostomy suctioning and tracheostomy care, care of dentures, applications of heat and other similar nursing activities. In conclusion almost 50% of (he sample indicated a need for continued nursing care at the time of discharge and for the patients in the sample who received home care there was a slight decrease in nursing needs but while the patients had chronic and debilitation problems there was ill decrease in ADL abilities or in quality of life. Further study needs Lo be done La increase the reliability and validity of the tool that was used to measure home health care needs. It is also recommended that study by done using a randomized sampling with a control group to compare patients who receive home care with those who do not.