• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.191-195
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to assess whether size-rank at the juvenile stage is associated with growth performance and sex ratio in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Juveniles (mean body weight, $8.8{\pm}0.9\;g$) were selected from two age groups, with the high size-rank group (HSRG) fish in the upper 19.3-67.3% of 104 days post-hatching (dph) age group and the low size-rank group (LSRG) fish in the lower 9.0-55.7% of 116 dph age group. Triplicate groups of 100 fish were reared over 32 weeks. A heavier final body weight was observed in the HSRG ($360{\pm}12\;g$) compared to the LSRG ($315{\pm}9\;g$, P<0.05), whereas no differences in feed intake, feeding efficiency, and mortality were seen between the experimental groups. The percentage of females was significantly higher in the HSRG (51.7%) than in the LSRG (30.8%, P<0.05). In addition, a remarkable increase in growth was recorded in females, indicating that the relative frequency of females increased with a body weight increase. The results suggest that high size-rank juvenile olive flounder have better growth performance and a higher percentage of females, because females start growing faster than males before size grading occurs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1207-1214
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to determine the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intakes per capita/day of Korean as of 2001 by age groups and sex, and to analyze the major food sources of DF using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the 2001 Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey and the newly-established DF database. The mean daily intakes of DF of Korean increased with increasing age until 49 years and thereafter decreased with aging. The intakes of DF/1,000 kcal increased with increasing age until 64 years and thereafter decreased with aging. On the average, the Korean people under age of 49 did not meet adequate intake (AI) of DF (12 g/1,000 kcal) in Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for the Koreans. The male people less satisfied the AI than the female did. The major food groups contributed to DF intakes of Korean adults were high in the order of vegetables, cereals, fruits, seasonings, legumes and seaweeds. Regardless of age and sex, vegetables, cereals and fruits were three major sources of DF for Koreans who obtained approximately 75% of DF from those sources. It has been shown that rice was the first single food source of DF intake for the age groups less than 12 years, however Kimchi was the first major source for all the age groups over 12 years. The infant and elderly groups obtained more DF from 10 major single food sources than the other age groups did. The results of the study revealed that the present levels of DF intakes of Korean in all age groups except the elderly group are insufficient to meet the AI for DF. Therefore the beneficial effects of DF on health and the increased consumption of DF from the variety of food sources should be emphasized through the continuous nutritional education.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 2008

Facial palsy is a general nerve disease which is occurred in a lateral incomplete or complete facial palsy. But it makes man restrict a social activity and so it is very important that we know the prognosis factors of a patient for medical care. We want to investigate the position and the patterns of the facial palsy according to sex and age. In this study, we performed the excitability test of the facial nerve on 103 patients (male 45 and female 58) which diagnosed as the Bell's palsy having an acute facial palsy, and the rate of the facial palsy was 42% (43 case) in right oculi and 58% (60 case) in left oculi. The facial palsy was appeared widely from young to elderly patients and especially, the rate of the facial palsy was high in age groups from 40 to 50.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.863-870
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between the grade of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonography and hyperlipidemia and obesity indicators by age groups. A total of 1,470 patients of various sex and age groups were examined by abdominal ultrasonography at the H Center in Chungbuk. The patients were classified as normal and fatty liver by age groups (below twenty, the thirties, forty, fifties, and over sixties). The grade of fatty liver was classified in detail as Grade 1 (mild fatty liver), Grade 2 (moderate fatty liver), Grade 3 (severe fatty liver). We selected indicators of hyperlipidemia as total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The obesity indicators were height, weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. The demographical descriptive statistic analysis and frequency analysis by age groups were performed. The difference of average and correlation between hyperlipidemia and obesity indicators were analyzed. As a result, patients over 60 have fatty liver regardless of sex. there was a difference between triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, weight, body mass index, and waistline for all age groups. The degree of fatty liver was highly correlated with waist size and body mass index for all age groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1998

Thirty two Omani sheep with eight animals each of; intact males (INT), males castrated with rubber rings immediately after birth (RR), males castrated with a burdizzo at 8 weeks of age (BC) and intact females (IF) were fed ad libitum a concentrate diet (CP 16%) plus chopped Rhodesgrass hay (8% CP) from weaning until slaughter at 28 kg. INT lambs grew faster from 9 to 20 weeks of age (p < 0.05) thus they were significantly heavier at 20 weeks of age than BC and IF, but not RR lambs. INT consumed more total feed than other sex groups over the period from 9 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between lambs of all experimental groups in feed per gain ratio. INT lambs had lower (p < 0.01) dressing percentage (DP) than RR, BC and IF. As a percentage in the empty body weight (EBW), INT had higher proportions of head, feet, empty gut (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.05) and genitals (p < 0.05) but lower proportions of lungs and trachea (p < 0.05) than BC and IF lambs. INT males had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) proportion of bone than RR and IF lambs but lower (p < 0.05) proportion of fat than RR and IF. As a percentage in EBW, IF had the highest protortion (p < 0.001) of total body fat (TBF) followed by BC and RR whereas INT males had the lowest proportion. There was a general trend of IF having the highest proportion of individual and total non-carcass fat (TNCF) and total carcass fat (TCF) followed by BC and RR lambs whereas INT lambs had the lowest protortions of individual carcass and non-carcass fat depots. There were only few sex or castration effects on carcass tissue distribution. IF had higher proportions of intermuscular fat in the chuck, plate, leg and flank than INT and BC. The current study demonstrated that castration of intensively-raised male Omani native sheep especially at weaning using a burdizzo retarded growth rate and reduced carcass quality by increasing fat content.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.112-117
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa (RGF) in Korean adult population without symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT Data from 111 Korean adult patients aged ${\geq}25years$ (55 males and 56 females) without signs and symptoms of TMD were analyzed retrospectively in this study. The thickness of the RGF was determined as the perpendicular distance between the 'glenoid fossa line' and 'middle cranial fossa line' on parasagittal and paracoronal reconstructions, respectively. The thickness of the RGF according to sex and age was analyzed using t-tests (p<0.05). Differences were also examined between the right and left sides, and between the paracoronal and parasagittal sides. Results: The mean thickness of the RGF in all subjects was $0.75{\pm}0.39mm$; there was no significant difference in thickness between male ($0.78{\pm}0.36mm$) and female ($0.72{\pm}0.30mm$). We found no correlation between age and the mean thickness of the RGF, when age was grouped by decade. However, when subjects were divided into >40 years and ${\leq}40years$ age groups, the thickness of the RGF was significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: We found that the thickness of the RGF did not differ by sex, but might be affected by aging. Further studies with larger numbers of subjects are needed to confirm the results of this study.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2011

With the increase of senior population, adults in their manhood and senescence with neurogenic defects also increase as well; thus, it is necessary to conduct foundational research on speech fluency to rehabilitate adults with neurogenic language disorders. Thereupon, this study analyzes the characteristics of speech fluency comparatively by age and sex with the subjects of normal adults in their 50's to 70's. According to the result of collecting language samples from total 90 adults, 30 (15 males, 15 females) in each age group of the 50's, 60's, and 70's and comparing the speech rate and disfluency frequency, first, adults in their 70's showed slower speech rate than those in their 50's or 60's. And those in their 50's, 60's, and 70's indicated no difference in their speech rate by sex. Second, there was no difference in normal disfluency and total disfluency among the adults in the 50's, 60's, and 70's. Also, there was no difference among the age groups by sex, either. Third, there was no correlation between speech rate of all the age groups and disfluency frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.3 s.43
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• pp.181-195
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• 1992

The purposes of this study were to investigate 1) the effect of body exposure and color of a woman's suit on the perception of modesty, and 2) the effect of perceiver's sex and age on impression formed by the function of clothing variables. The instrument of this study consisted of a response scale and stimuli. Thirteen items of 7-point semantic differential scales were developed to measure the perceiver's impression on wearer's modesty. Stimuli were color pictures of a model wearing one of 8 types of suit constructed by a 2 $\times$ 2 $\times$ 2 factorial design. The manipulation of each level of the clothing variables were: color of the suit by black and red, leg exposure by varying skirt lengths to a Chanel-line and mini skirt, and neck exposure by shirt collar blouse and scarf. Two models, representing typical female college students living in Seoul, were selected to eliminate model effect. The sample include 384 subjects, consisting of 4 groups of male and female college students and middle aged men and women. Eight experimental groups were randomly assigned to one of eight stimuli based on between-subject design. One half of each group responded to model 1 and the other half to model 2 of same stimulus. Responses to the semantic differential scales were factor analyzed (pc model, Varimax rotation) to identify factors constructing impression of modesty. Two factors emerged regard­less of subgroups; Elegance and Extroversion factor. The first factor was found to be dominant, accounting for 60 percent of the total variance. The other accounted for just 11 percent. Multidimensional ANOVA (5-way, 3-way) was conducted to test the effect of the clothing variables against two factors identified from the factor analysis. Leg exposure was the most powerful variable affecting the impression of Elegance and Extroversion factor for all per. ceiver subgroups. Neck exposure had primary effect on the impression of Elegance, whereas it partially influenced that of Extroversion. Color of suit had only partial effect on the impression of Extroversion. Hypothesis I was partially supported from the findings above. The effect of perceiver's age and sex on impression by the function of clothing variables was tested by comparing the result between four subgroups. In forming an impression of the wearer's modesty, male college students were least affected by the manipulation of clothing variables, while middle aged males were affected most. In the female groups, there was no age difference and they fell between the male groups in the degree to which they were affected. Hypothesis II was supported only by age difference in two male groups, and by sex difference in two student groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.31-42
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a large representative data base for character goods marketing strategy. The study was to determine character name awareness in relation to segmented distribution regions and such demographic variables as sex and age. The author also analyzed preferred design. A total of 360 questionnaires were distributed and 359 reliable ones were used for statistical analysis. A SAS statistical package including frequency tables and Chi square test and factor analysis and Kendall′s relation analyses was used. The results are as follow : character name awareness involves "character name decognition" based on asking subjects to identify character names from 50 given names. "Tele-tubbies" was found to be a dominant commercial character name as a result of the recognition test, and "Sailer-moon" was found to be a dominant animation character goods as a result of the recognition test. Character recognition was significantly different in the segmented distribution legions, three age groups and different sex groups. People considered design first in purchasing any character goods, and they considered color second in purchasing them. The most favored part of garment far character to be stitch to was the center front in the T-shirt/dress shirt, the center back in the Jumper/jacket, back pocket in the trousers/skirt. The results of a Chi-square test showed that preferred part in the trousers/skirt of character was related with age variables.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate and order the levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon, and (2) to investigate the relationship between the development of parental authority concepts and the child's age and sex. The subjects of this study were 120 children from an elementary school in Seoul. There were 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) in each of three age groups: 8-, 10-, and 12- year-olds. The subjects were interviewed individually using Damon's(1977) open-ended questions concerning family rules. Responses to the assessment questions were coded as positive or negative, and responses to the judgement concept questions were coded into 6 levels. Statistical analysis of obtained data was by percentage, Spearman correlation using an ordinal scale, two-way analysis of variance, and Duncan test. The results showed that (1) the developmental levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon conformed to an ordinal scale, and (2) the development of parental authority concepts was related to child's age but not to child's sex.