• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2022

Objective: To investigate airway volumes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) by skeletal patterns, sex, and cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages in Korean adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of pretreatment CBCT and cephalograms of 95 adolescents (aged 12-19) obtained out of 1,611 patients examined for orthodontic treatment from 2018 to 2020 in Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital. The samples were classified into two sex groups; three skeletal pattern groups, four chronological age groups and four CVM stages. Nasopharyngeal volumes (NPV), oropharyngeal volumes (OPV), total pharyngeal airway volume (TAV) and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) measurements were taken from the CBCT. Multiple linear regression analyses to find out which one of the independent variables are good predictors for airway variables. Significant factors were analyzed by two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) then multiple comparisons were analyzed using a t-test, and Fisher least significant difference. Results: Age, sex, CVM, and Sella-Nasion-B point have significant influence on airway variable. Males and females showed similar patterns of change in chronological age groups 1-3; however, males had larger NPV, OPV, and MCA at CVM in group 4. According to CVM stages, males had larger OPV, TAV, and MCA at CVM stage 6 (p-value: 0.019, 0.021, 0.015, respectively) and no sex differences at CVM stages 3, 4, and 5. Conclusions: Skeletal patterns have an effect on airway volume. Sex differences were found in CVM 6.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.179-193
• /
• 2007

Objectives: It has been demonstrated that acupuncture treats diseases while that the widespread use of that clinically and experimentally. It also has shown that electro-acupuncture(EA) is more effective than manual-acupuncture (MA). The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of EA and MA at combined acupoints on sex and age in rats. Methods: This study measured the effects of acupuncture treatment on small intestinal motility in rats. MA and EA(intensity, 5 times muscle twitch threshold) was applied for 30 minutes to the combined left and right sides acupoints on ST36, ST37, ST39 under enflurane anesthesia. EA and MA applied to the ST36, ST37, ST39 acupoints produced an elevation of small intestinal motility. Results: In experimental groups of combined left and right sides acupoints, only specified groups show elevation of small intestinal motility in male rats, 5 weeks age. Furthermore, combined left and right sides acupoints in EA and MA show differences effects according to the sex, male and female, and the age as 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks. Conclusion : Although these different according to the sex and age in rats do not have a established tendency, the present study suggest that effect of EA and MA are experimentally dependent upon the sex and age on small intestinal motility in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.26
• /
• pp.49-67
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between demographic and psychological variables and clothing behavior with reference to sex difference in adult and elderly groups. The clothing behavior was measured by Clothing importance, Interest, Conformity, Modesty, Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, Fashion, and Clothing satis-faction. Psychological variables in this study were self-esteem and life-satisfaction, and demographic variables were sex, education, family type, health, and clothing expenditure. The hypotheses set up in this study were as follows : First, a causal relationship will exist between demographic and psychological variables and clothing behavior in both adult and elderly groups. Second, in clothing behavior a main effect will exist between male and female groups and between adult and elderly groups. Third, in clothing behavior and interaction effect will exist between sex and age. The subjects of this study were 496 adult males, 459 elderly males, and 446 elderly females residing in Pusan area. The material used in this study to measure the clothing behavior was a 5-point rating scale with 31 items in 9 sub-areas developed by the author. The data were collected by five investigatiors well trained in interview before-hand. The following conclusions were obtained from the relults and discussions of this study : First, sex, education, and clothing expendi-ture has a causal relationship with clothing behavior in adult group. Females, higher-educated group, and the group with more clothing expenditure reveal higher concern for clothing. In adult group life-satisfaction does not have any causal relationship with clothing behavior in general execpt for clothing satis-to Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, and Clothing satisfaction in the group. Second, in elderly group sex, education, and health significantly contribute to clothing behavior. A cencern for clothing is higher in female, higher-educated group, and the group with higher perception in health. Self-esteem has a causal relationship with Clothing importance, Conformity, Management, and Clothing satisfaction, whereas life-satisfaction has a strong causal relationship with clothing behavior in general. Third, in both adult and elderly groups a sig-nificant sex diference exists in clothing behavior. Females show higher concern for Clothing importance, Interest, Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, and Fashion than males. On the other hand, males reveal higher concern for Conformity and Clothing satisfaction than females. Fourth, a significant interaction effect exists between age and sex, while elderly females show lower concern for Clothing importance, Interest, and Psychological dependence than adult females, elderly males show higher concern for the same sub-areas of clothing behavior than adult males. This signifies the increase of the concern for clothing in elderly males with the decrease of social activities. Fifth, adult female group reveals lower Con-formity in clothing compared with the other groups, which signifies the higher individuality in clothing behavior. On the other hand, the elderly groups show significantly higher Conformity than the adult groups. this signifies the importance of the consideration for the variables other than individuality in clothing behavior for the group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.39
• /
• pp.283-299
• /
• 1998

The present study is to analyze the dimensions of affective responses according to the types of appeal in underwear advertisements and to find out the influences of affective res-ponses on the attitudes toward advertisement and brands. The research has been made by normative-descriptive survey method with the sample of 654 consumers residing in Seoul and Incheon. The data gaathered was analyzed by the methods of means, standard deviation, ANOVA, factor analysis and regression. The result are as follows : 1. There are 4 dimensions of affective responses ; Emotional dimension, Negative dimen-sion, Upbeat-activation dimension and Sexual activation dimension. 2. Affective responses to the advertising were different according to the characteristics of the consumers. According to the consumer's sex, there are significant differences in each dimension of their affective responses. To the sex appeal advertisement, man show higher degree of affective responses in Emotional, Upbeat-activation and Sexual-activation dim-ensions, while women show higher degree of affective responses in Negative dimension. 3. In case of female consumers, there are significant differences in affective responses to the both appeal type of advertisements according to consumer's age. As the age is increasing. Emotional dimension and Sexual-activation dimension are increasing, but Negative dimension is decreasing in the Ads with sex appeal. In particular, the 19∼24s age group shows strong responses in the Emotional dimension, Upbeat-activation dimension and Sexual-activation dimension to Ads with sex appeal, while it shows the lowest affective responses in Negative dimension. It represents the 19-24s age group is the most positive one to the under-wear advertisements with sex appeal. Consequently, it is proved that the Ads with sex appeal focusing on this age group can be one of the most effective advertising plans. 4. The involvement gets higher, Upbeat-ac-tivation dimension and Sexual-activation dimension are increasing both in males and female groups. But Negative dimension is in-creasing in the female consumer group of low involvement. 5. The attitudes toward advertisements and brands are comparatively stronger in the advertisements using sex appeal type. Regardless of types of appeal in the advertisements, there is a significant difference in their attitudes tow-ard Ads between male and female consumer groups. When Ads are sexual, attitudes toward Ads and Brands are stronger in the female consumer group. But males consumers show com-paratively strong attitudes toward the advertis-ements and brands in both types of appeal. 6. The age of consumers doesn't make any significant difference in their attitudes toward advertisements and brands in both types of appeal. 7. According to the involvement level of the consumers, there are significant differences in their attitudes toward advertisements. In the groups of low involvement, the female consumers show more favorite attitudes toward the advertisements with sex appeal, while the male group show more favorite attitudes toward the non-sex appeal advertisement. But there is no significant difference in consumer's attitude toward brands according to the types of appeal of the advertisement. 8. The affective responses of the consumers caused by the underwear advertisements have a respectable influence on their attitudes toward the advertisements and brands. This research represents that the advertisers should try to arise consumer's positive affective responses such as pleasant, happy, cheerful and warm-hearted emotions by the advertisements. Based on the above results of the research, it can be said that the consumer's affective responses have a strong effect not only on their attitudes toward adver-tisements but on those toward attitude toward the brands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.37
• /
• pp.191-209
• /
• 1998

The present study was made to contribute to thed improvement of the quality of jeans wear advertising, and to the establishment of more effective advertising policy by which the jeans wear advertisements can go well with the unique charateristics of jeans wear. The study analyzed the consumer's attitude and dimention of affective responses toward jeans wear advertisements by type of appeal. The research was implemented through the survery with a representative sample of 344 consumers residing in Seoul. Means, Standard Deviation, ANOVA, Duncan Test, Facor Analysis and Regression were imployed to analyze the data gathered. The results of the study are as follows : (1) There are four dimentions of affective responses toward jeans wear advertisements ; upbeat-activation dimention, erotic-activation dimention, calm-emotional dimention, negative emotional demention. (2) According to consumer's sex, there are significant differences in each dimention of their affective responses. Toward sex-appeal advertisements, men show high degree of affective responses in upbeat-activation dimen-sion and calm-emotional dimension. (3) There is a probability that non-sex-appeal advertisement covers wider range of consumer than sex-appeal advertisements. (4) There is no significant different in affective responses towards both sex-appeal and non-sex-appeal advertisement of jeans wear between and among sex·age and involvement level of consumer. (5) Men prefer sex-appeal advertisement to non-sex-appeal advertisement, while there is no significant differences between the attitude of female consumers toward sex-appeal adver-tisement and non-sex-appeal advertisement. (6) In particular, age of 15∼18 and 30∼35 group of female consumer show very positive attitude toward sex-appeal advertisement. Therefore, there is a need to segment female jeans wear market by age groups. (7) According to the age and the involvement level of consumers, there is a significant differences in their attitudes toward advertise-ment. In case of male consumers, group of low level involvement prefer sex-appeal advertise-ment to non-sex-appeal advertisement. While high level involvement group did not show any significant differences between the attitude toward sex-appeal advertisement and the attitude toward non-sex-appeal advertisement. And the age of 15∼24, low level involvement group of female consumers also more positive attitude toward sex-appeal advertisement than toward non-sex-appeal advertisements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2001

Background and Objectives : Syllable Maximum Repetition Rate(MRR) is ability to repeat rapidly the articulators and is assessed for oromechanism function as one of the MPT. MRR is measured by rate(counts/sec), also simultaneously considered accuracy and consistency. The objective of the present was to examine stimuli effects and age and sex differences for MRR. Materials and Method : This study was participated 60 normal males and females(1 : 1) who were divided into two groups young(<40 years old) and old($\geq$40 years old). Stimuli were $/{P^=}a/,/{t^=}a/,/{k^=}a/,/{P^h}a/,/{t^h}a/,/{k^h}a/,/{P^=}{at^=}{ak^=}a/$ for, manner(tense and aspirated) of articulation, $/{p^h}{at^h}{ak^h}a/,/{t^h}{ap^h}{ak^h}a/$ for the effect of the order of syllable, glide /u-i/ for coordination of lip and tongue, interrupted vowel /i/ for laryngeal function. Results : There were little differences in two age groups and sex and manner of articulation for MRR tasks. The fastest average MRR of the single syllable included in this study was $/{t^=}a/$. significant differences existed between MRR for ${p^h}{at^h}{ak^h}a/ and /{t^h}{ap^h}{ak^h}a/$, which suggested that MRR was affected by the order of the syllables. MRR for interrupted vowel /i/ was about 2 counts/sec slower than average rate of 1 syllables. Conclusion : From these results, the order of the syllables was a crucial variable in MRR. rather than age or sex. There were no difference age, sex and manner of rate. The interrupted vowel repetition rate was slightly slow used and can provide basic information to assess the speech mechanism and can be useful to develop effective stimuli to differentiate the disordered group from normal.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2009

This study investigated the determination of speech rates, words per minute (WPM) and syllables per minute (SPM), of $5{\sim}7$ year-old normal children to understand if there are any differences in the rates according to the children's age and sex. All participants were required to conduct story retelling tasks (SRT) and picture description tasks (PDT). In SRT, there was a significant difference between the groups of 5 year-old and 7 year-old children on WPM. However, there was no significant difference between the groups of ages regarding SPM. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups according to sex on WPM and SPM. In PDT, there was no significant difference between the groups according to their ages and sex on WPM and SPM. The current research found that the speech rates of the preschool children might be somewhat different in their utterance abilities according to their age, but there was no obvious difference according to their sex. The findings can advance development of a clinical tool to screen children with fluency disorders and to determine the steps in establishing speech rates of children in the language development period.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.71-76
• /
• 2006

The goal of this research is to analyze the Korean anthropometric data collected through Project "Size Korea" by ATS from 2003 to 2004, to extract the characteristics for each age and sex group, and to establish an extensive reference for designers of related products. The result shows that the characteristics of Korean anthropometric data have the different ratio and distribution among mutually related factors for different age and sex. Especially, the difference between two groups, those in their twenties and those in their fifties and above, are huge, indicating that there are drastic changes in the data for recent decades. The result of this research can be used for the design of furniture, clothes and workplace, where there are different target ranges for specific age and sex.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.814-821
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of moxibustion at combined acupoints on sex and age in rats. This study measured the effects of moxibustion on small intestinal motility in rats. Cauterizing with moxa was applied 5 times to the acupoints on SI8, LI11 SP9 and ST36 under enflurane anesthesia in the groups divided with sex and age. In single acupoint groups, cauterizing with moxa on ST36 increased in all of sex and age groups. The SP9 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 5, 8 weeks in male, the SI8 group with 5, 7 weeks in female and only 7 weeks in male, the LI11 group with only 5, 6, 7 weeks in female and only 7 weeks in male showed increasing on small intestinal motility. In combined acupoints groups, the SI8+SP9 group with 7 weeks in female and 5, 6, 8 weeks in male, the SI8+ST36 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 8 weeks in male, the LI11+SP9 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 6 weeks in male, the LI11+ST36 group with 5 weeks in female and 5, 6, 7 weeks in male showed increasing respectively. Although these different according to the sex and age in rats do not have a established tendency, the results suggested that the effects of combined acupoints of cauterizing with moxa have relation with individuality.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in skin temperature and thermal comfort of participants in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (the recommended room temperature in the winter) depending on age, sex and clothing weight. Subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females) and experimental trials consisted of three conditions: wearing underwear in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (19CUW), without underwear in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (19C), and without underwear in a $24^\circ{C}$ room (24C). The results indicated the following: 1) There were no significant differences in mean skin temperature based on age or sex, and the mean skin temperatures of the four groups were in the range of 32.4∼$34.0^\circ{C}$. 2) In the 19C condition, the skin temperatures of the hands and feet of old females were higher than those of the other three groups. 3) In terms of perceived thermal comfort, young females showed a tendency to feel the most uncomfortable. Both old and young groups agreed that the 24C condition was the most comfortable. 4) Relational coefficients between thermal comfort and skin temperatures were higher in the young group than in the old group. Furthermore, the perceived thermal comfort had a stronger relationship with mean skin temperatures than with local skin temperatures. 5) The mean skin temperatures of subjects who indicated they were 'comfortable' were in the range of 31∼$36^\circ{C}$ regardless of age or sex.