• Title/Summary/Keyword: aflatoxin $B_1$

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Detection of Aflatoxins in Some Korean Foodstuffs (몇가지 한국식품(韓國食品)중 Aflatoxin의 검출(檢出))

  • Kim, Yong-Hwa;Hwangbo, Jeong-Sook;Lee, Su-Rae
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.73-80
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    • 1977
  • In order to detect the occurrence of aflatoxins in some suspecious Korean foodstuffs, 54 samples of Meju (a naturally inoculated soybean substrate for soy sauce and paste fermentation), 125 samples of Doenjang (a Korean-style fermented soybean paste), both produced at household level, and 31 samples of peanut were collected from 8 major cities of South Korea and subjected to assay by the official method of AOAC. The results were as follows: 1) Frequencies for the occurrence of aflatoxins in Meju, Doenjang and peanut were 7.4%(4/54), 8.8%(11/125) and none (0/31), respectively, in which Meju and Doenjang samples from Daegu and Busan showed the high ratio of the presence. 2) A Doenjang sample from Busan was found to contain the highest content of aflatoxins, of which $B_1,\;B_2,\;G_1\;and\;G_2$ were 66 ppb, 13 ppb, non-detectable and 5 ppb, respectively, while other samples detected were for $G_2$ only. 3) The identity of aflatoxin $B_1$ isolated from the Doenjang sample from Busan was confirmed by thin-layer chromatographic behavior, derivative formation and chicken embryo bioassay.

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Susceptibility to Infection by Aspergillus parasiticus in Barley (보리의 Aspergillus parasiticus 감수성(感受性))

  • Jang, Hak-Gil;Markakis, Pericles;Kim, Chang-Sik
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.89-92
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    • 1982
  • The seeds of 20 barley cultivars were tested for aflatoxin contamination and susceptibility to infection by an aflatoxin-producing mold. When the samples were tested as they arrived, no aflatoxin was detected on any of them. When their moisture was raised to 25% and they were kept as $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks, all expect 2 cultivars showed aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins $B_2$ and $G_2$ were not detected in this incubation period. After wetting (25% moisture) the samples, inoculating them with Aspergillus parasiticus conidia and storing them at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks, all cultivars were found heavily contaminated with aflatoxin, those with seedcoats more so than those without seedcoats.

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Studies on the Population of Toxigenic Fungi in Dried-Persimmon -Screen test of Aflatoxin- (저장건시 중의 유독성 곰팡이에 관한 연구 -Aflatoxin 유무의 검색에 관하여-)

  • 주현규;권우건
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.237-245
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    • 1980
  • Microorganisms growing on Dried-Persimmon have heed isolated ana identified. Fluorescent substance were extracted from a putrefactive Dried-Persimmon after invaded Toxigenic Fungi, and compared with Aflatoxin by Thin layer chromatography and u. v. absorption spectra. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Fungal invasion was frequently appeared at the beginning of storage, and after then Bacteria invasion was followed. 2) Several Genera of microorganisms (Aspergillus sp., Escherichia sp., Mucor sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. ) were observed in Dried-persimmon during storage. Aspergillus sp., one of all Genus was predominant. 3) Two strains (Aspergillus flavus Group, Penicillium citrimum Series) of 6 Fungi had Fluorescent substance, which was presumed Aflatoxin-like substance. 4) The Rf value of T. L. C. ana λ max of u. v. absorption spectra showed the same value as the standard of Aflatoxin. It is suppose that the Fluorescent substance in Dried-Persimmon is a Aflatoxin-like substance.

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The Effects of Aflatoxin $B_1$Co-administrated with Antioxidant Vitamins on Lipid Contents and Fatty Acids Composition of Liver in Mice (항산화 비타민과 Aflatoxin$B_1$의 혼합 투여가 마우스간의 지질 함량 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향)

  • 박선자;박정현;강말순;정덕화
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.5-12
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    • 2000
  • Lipid peroxidation is one of the main manifestations of oxidative damage and has been found play an important role in the toxicity and carcinogenesis of many carcinogens. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B$_1$co-administrated with antioxidant vitamins on lipid contents and fatty acids components of liver in mice. For this work, vita-min C and vitamin E, the major antioxidants, were administrated with 10 mg/kg and 63.8 mg/kg respectively, through intraperitoneal(i.p) injection to male ICR mice, and 0.4 mg/kg of the AFB$_1$injected by i.p. 1hr later. The results were as follows: two fold amounts of free cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol in serum and liver of mice treated with only AFB$_1$were observed, when compared to those of mice co-administrated with antioxidant vitamins. However, the levels of phospholipids in serum and liver of mice treated with only AFB$_1$were decreased. Concerning to fatty acids composition of liver from AFB$_1$-treated mice, P/S ratio was shown more low level in cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, total cholesterol and phospholipid than those of mice co-administrated with antioxidant vitamins. In these data which provide with a reliable evidence on their antioxidantal effects to aflatoxicosis.

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The Effects of Ginseng Saponin on Aflatoxin Production and the Mutagenicity in Aspergillus parasiticus (Aspergillus parasiticus의 Aflatoxin 생성과 돌연변이 유발능에 미치는 인삼 Saponin의 영향)

  • 백형석;구재관;전홍기
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.143-147
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    • 1988
  • The effect of ginseng saponin on aflatoxin(AF) production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL2999 and the mutagenicity of produced aflatoxin. The production of aflatoxin were decreased by the addition of ginseng saponin and the most effective concentration was 0.05%. The ratio of aflatoxin $B_{1}$ and aflatoxin $G_{1}$ were not changed by the addition of ginseng saponin. For the nutagenicity test, Ames method were adopted. Mutagenicity of mycelial aflatoxin was decreased by the addition of ginseng saponin on TA98, but not changed on TA100. Mutagenicity of excreted aflatoxin to broth was slightly increased by the saponin on TA98, but decreased on TA100.

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Inhibition of Aflatoxin $B_1$ Biosynthesis by Piperlongumine Isolated from Piper longum L.

  • Lee, Sung-Eun;Mahoney, Noreen-E.;Campbell Bruce-C.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.679-682
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    • 2002
  • The alkaloids, piperlongumine, piperine, pipernonaline, and piperoctadecalidine, isolated from Piper longum L., were found to inhibit the biosynthesis of aflatoxin $B_1$ (AF$B_1$) in Aspergillus flavus WRRC 3-90-42-12. Piperlongumine was the most active among the compounds tested, with a 96% inhibition of AF$B_1$biosynthesis at 0.2% (w/v) supplement in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The three other piperidine alkaloids, pipeline, pipernonaline, and piperoctadecalidine, also inhibited the biosynthesis of AF$B_1$. Of these three alkaloids, piperoctadecalidine exhibited a potent inhibitory activity with a 100% inhibition of AF$B_1$ production at 0.7% (w/v) supplement in a PDA medium. Therefore, piperlongumine and piperoctadecalidine could be used as antiaflatoxigenic agents in agricultural industries. To determine the antiaflatoxigenic mode of action of piperlongumine, further studies are needed.

Studies on the Mycotoxin Detection by an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay를 이용한 진엽독소 검출에 관한 연구)

  • Ryeom, K.;Yu, S.J.;Lee, J.H.
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.5 no.3_4
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    • pp.29-36
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    • 1990
  • Aflatoxins, produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, can be found worldwide in corn, barley, peanuts, and other commodities. Among this group of toxins, aflatoxin B$_1$was realized to be one of the most potent environmental carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens. It is routinely monitored by methods such as thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, fluorodensitometric technique and radioimmunoassay. However, these assays are expensive, necessitate radioactive reagents, and require overnight incubation. In this study, the determination of fungal flora in several sorts cereals has been carried out in order to obtain an appropriate information of the population of fungi. The quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B$_1$has been carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were summarized as follow: 1) From the 100 samples,313 colonies of fungi were isolated. Among the 313 colonies, 274 were possible to identify into 11 genera. The identified genera were Aspergillus Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Cladosorium, Fusarium, Circinella, Chrysosporium, Paecilomyces and Phoma. 2) Six of Aspergillus flavus were aflatoxin-producing strains. Aspergillus flavus isolated from sample barleys was contained the highest content (21.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) of aflatoxin B$_1$. 3) The yield of aflatoxin B$_1$-oxime compound was appromately 75%. Aflatoxin B$_1$-oxime-Human serum albumin was approved by formal consent as complete antigen. 4) Direct competitive ELISA permitted detection of 0.15 ng levels. In the quantitative microanalysis, ELISA was superior to HPLC method.

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The Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Extract on Growth, Lipid and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716 (Aspergillus parasiticus R-716의 生育, 脂質 및 Aflatoxin 生産에 미치는 마늘(Allium sativum L.)엑기스의 영향)

  • Woo, Young Sook;Chung, Duck Hwa
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.89-97
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    • 1984
  • The possible effects of garlic (Aliium sativurn L.) extract on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus R- 716 were investigated. Various solvent extracts of garlic strongly inhibited growth and sporulation by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716, and effective solvents used for extraction of garlic were chloroform, benzene, and water-chloroform. The growth and aflatoxin production decreased with the increase in extract concentration, and extract equivalent 1.5g of raw garlic weight in 25ml SLS medium completely inhibited, and at a level of 1.25g garlic, total aflatoxin was reduced 64% (472 ${\mu}g$/25ml) of that produced in the control (1, 352 ${\mu}g$/25 ml). During cultivation inhibitory rate of growth was reduced from 89.1% to 40% and aflatoxin $B_2$, $G_1$ production increased with the laps of time. Especially garlic extract appeared to have a stimulatory effect on lipid accumulation on the contrary aflatoxin production.

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The Study on the Detection of Aflatoxins in the Fermentation Products and Cereals (TLC법에 의한 장류 및 공류중의 Aflatoxin검출에 관한 연구)

  • 한양일;김광호;오영복
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.46-50
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    • 1978
  • Aflatoxin, a mixture of the at least four toxic and carcinogenic metabolites, is known to be produced by only a few fungi. The toxins were designated aflatoxins because they were produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus(A. flavus). However, at least four other toxins and other species of the genus A. niger, A. parasiticus A. ruber and wentii have been reported to produce aflatoxins. And also the identical compounds may also be produced by molds, the Pencillium. At least four different species of Penicilliurn have been reported to produce aflatoxins (P. citrinurn, P. frequentans, P. puberulurn. and P. variable). So it is now known that the problem of Aflatoxin is not restricted to the single species A. flavus, even though that is a very common mold. Also additional aflatoxins have been discorvered. For sereral years, only four aflatoxins were known: $B_1, B_2, G_1$ and $G_2$, so designated by reason of their fluorescence and chromatographic charateristics. It is now known that there are really two new toxic materials in the milk. During the past year(1966) they were christened aflatoxin $M_1$ and $M_2$, since they were first found in milk. The two other and most recently discorvered aflatoxins were isolated late in 1966 from cultures of A. flavus, and were designated aflatoxin $B_2a$ and aflatoxin $G_2a$. In order to obtain a breaf information about extent of contamination of foodstuffs by aflatoxin which is known to produce eight different mold, aflatoxin detection of cereals and fermented foods on sale, such as polished rice, barley, wheat, wheat flour, lentil, red bean, soy bean, noodle, kochuj ang and Dwenjang (fermented soy bean paste) and chong Kuk, were carried out. The results of this investigation were summarized as follows: The hexane:$CHCl_3$ extracts of polished rice, barley wheat, wheat flour, lentil, red bean, noodle and kochujang yielded fluorescent spots on thin layer plates. However their Rfvalues were different from those of authentic aflatoxins. The fluorescent substances of the extract from soy bean, Dwenjang and chong kuk showed very similar Rf values to those of the standard aflatoxins. By two dimensional thin layer chromatography and comparison of ultra violet absorption spectra, it was found that these fluorescent substances were not aflatoxins. To conclude, aflatoxins themselves were not detected directly in those samples tested.

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Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Iletection of Aflatoxin $B_1$ (Aflatoxin $B_1$의 검출을 위한 효소면역측정법의 개발)

  • 손동화;박애란;서병철;김진철;이인원;남영중;허우덕
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.225-232
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    • 1992
  • In order to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for detecting aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$, we produced and purified antibodies, thereafter established and evaluated methods of direct and indirect competitive ELISA. Anti-AFB, antisera, produced by immunizing rabbits with $AFB_1$-1-(0-carboxymethy1)oxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate ($AFB_1$-BSA), were removed of anti-BSA antibodies by quantitative precipitation reaction and further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography. Purified IgG fractions were used as anti-$AFB_1$ antibodies. The antibodies, whose titer was deterrnined extremely high above $2 \times 10^6$, showed low cross-reactivity of 3~34% against $AFB_1$ analogues such as G2, B2, and GI. From the standard curves of direct and indirect competitive ELISA for AFBI, the detection ranges were found 0.2~20 and 1~10, 000 ng/ml(ppb) respectively. In their sensitivity, stability, simplicity, and rapidity, the direct method was more suitable than the indirect method for practical use.

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