• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

We have developed the Forest Carbon Sink Index on afforestation and reforestation activities, a regulation stated in article 26 of the 'Law on the maintenance and enhancement of carbon sink (Carbon Sink Law)', which took effect on March, 2013. According to the legal purpose to evaluate the performance of individual forest carbon offset projects and to compare each other at a certain point, values of the forest carbon sink index were calculated by the scoring method. Three criteria were established based on the Carbon Sink Law: 'Carbon' (real greenhouse gas reduction), 'Human' (socio-economic effect) and 'Nature' (environmental effect). Continuously, 9 indicators from the three criteria were selected by top-down approach; the adequacy of each criteria and indicators were reviewed through on-line Delphi survey; and finally weighted value of each criteria and indicators were assigned. To reflect the characteristics of the domestic forest carbon offset projects, which focus on corporate social responsibility-typed projects, we applied the score weighting method to minimize gaps among criteria and ones among indicators. After applying our newly developed forest carbon sink index to five domestic forest carbon offset projects, we could confirm that the criteria of 'Human' and 'Nature', which criteria are in relatively low weight, can play a role as an actual incentive to reduce negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. Based on performance evaluation of the five forest carbon offset project by the forest carbon sink index, the best or good performance project developers could be rewarded, and further the performance evaluation would work as an incentive to stimulate the involvement of domestic project developers in the field of forest carbon offset project.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.398-406
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• 2013

Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province, Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton $CO_2-e$ and 165.5 ton $CO_2-e/ha$. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 1987

Korea is a small country with extremely high population density. Industrialization of the nation resulted GNP per capita of over 2,000$ in 1986 with an inevitable by-product, high level of pollution in many areas. Forest land is now acknowledged as not only a wood production site but also an origin of much more important intangible values, water and clean air, soil conservation, and recreational and scenic values. Mostly devastated forest land from Korean War has been recovered under the strong afforestation drive from the government. The first Forest Development Plan was mostly reforestation phase and the second Forest Development Plan is foundation establishment phase. The third and later Plans are to enlarge economical forest and to maintain sustatined yield phase. Forestry administration as well as forest research certainly played a great role in successful accomplishment of two Forest Development Plans. For effective planning and accomplishment of the third Forest Development Plan close cooperation among policy makers, forest managers and research workers are mostly required.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2009

This study is tried to investigate and analyze the changing history of Korean forest management policy and revitalization alternatives of the private forest management. Korean forest management policy could be divided by two group periods, one is the forestry policy age through afforestation and reforestation, the other is the forestry policy age through forest management. Recently, the revitalization policy for the private forest management was evaluated through the result analysis of the 4th forest basic planning age for 10 years that is gone from 1998 to 2007, but it is not sufficient for the private forest management revitalization, and has still some fundamental problems. Therefore, this study is aimed to present various kinds of plans for the private forest management revitalization during the 5th forest basic planning age that has begun since the beginning of 2008.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.587-596
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• 2012

Verifying about eligibility of targeted site is necessary for execute Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism (A/R CDM) project which is followed by system of Kyoto protocol. The site have to be identified by which could not be in conformity with definition of forest. This study tried to propose a technology of classify for site selection of A/R CDM. We chose several parts of Yangpyeng as study area and applied LiDAR data and remotely sensed imagery for considering about tree height, degree of crown closure, and land area which 3 factors for identify forest. LiDAR data was used for offset the shortage of remotely sensed imagery that cannot perfectly determine the forest definition due to absence of 3-dimentional information, but can be obtained from LiDAR. Considering tree height, degree of crown closure, and land area simultaneously by moving window, classified fields to forest and non forest based on pixel size. As a result, 124.06 ha for suitable to doing plantation and approximately 357.02 ha are in negative. Technology that applied for analyzing will provide fundamental methodology not only site selection for A/R CDM, but will be utilized in other Kyoto protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

A/R CDM(Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism) in Kyoto Mechanism means, either afforestation in the area used for other purposes more than 50 years or reforestation in the area used for other purposes on December 31st in 1989. South Korea has few sites due to the successful forestation in the past, but North Korea has not reforested the deforested lands since the mid-1970's. So these areas need to apply A/R CDM Project for restoration. The purposes of this study are to make a time series analysis in deforested areas and to estimate a feasibility of A/R CDM. To find the site satisfying A/R CDM business definition, land cover classification was applied using satellite images of the mid-1970's with good forestation, late 1980's including A/R CDM base year, and recent 2000's, and the chronological change was analyzed to categorize the possible sites. The North Korean topographical map of 1977 was used to verify land cover classification degree of 1970's, the land cover classification results made by the Ministry of Environment in 2000 were compared to verify the accuracy of 1980's results, and the land cover classification results in 2000's were verified by 2 site visits. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The eligible A/R CDM sites are 605,156ha on the basis of the forestation change analysis in North Korea. Since the mid-1970's, 30.8% of the decreased forestation area of 1,966,306ha was classified into A/R CDM eligible sites. While other countries have the limited eligible sites, which has not been used for forestation since 1989 or which is being scattered, North Korea has large scale sites. Deforested sites are mainly around road and residential area, consequently give better accessibility for forestation than other countries. In conclusion, it is found that North Korea can provide efficient site for applying A/R COM Project to forestation restoring deforested land because of easy accessibility and existence of many possible sites due to artificial deforestation. Also, it is meaningful that the study suggests the application possibility of A/R COM Project to restore deforested land in North Korea and the related basic information through the chronological classification of the mid-1970's with good forestation, the late-1980's including A/R COM base year, and recent 2000's. It is expected that the study contributes to revitalization of A/R CDM Project and related research on North Korea forestation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.225-235
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• 2021

To attain the long-term benefits of forest restoration in North Korea, it is important to present the economic value of reforestation. This study as aimed to evaluate the economic value based on cost-benefit analysis from the ecosystem services perspective. The benefits of reforestation were classified into ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water supply, soil erosion control, and disaster risk reduction, and were converted into economic values to calculate comprehensive benefits. In the forest restoration scenario, an "independent forest restoration scenario (IFS)" and a "cooperation-based forest restoration scenario (CFS)" were composed in consideration of recent afforestation performance and forest policy, and the difference in the quantity of afforestation was derived as a scenario despite the same restoration period. In the IFS, it is estimated that over the next two decades, 800 thousand ha of the forest will be restored at a cost of KRW 3,829 billion, resulting in a benefit of KRW 6.87 trillion. The present benefit net value is KRW 3,39 trillion. In the CFS, it is estimated that the benefits of KRW 18,890 billion will be generated by restoring 2.2 million ha of the forest at a cost of KRW 10,053 billion. The present benefit net value is KRW 8,359 billion. In both scenarios, BCR had an economic feasibility value greater than 1, but there was a big difference in the expected benefits. In conclusion, forest restoration can have higher benefits than cost, and its value could be enhanced through forest cooperation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.433-438
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• 2022

A carbon cycle model based method is proposed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various policies and projects to achieve carbon neutrality. The proposed model was validated by properly reproducing the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the rise of the global average temperature from the data of anthropogenic carbon emissions and deforestation since the industrial revolution. As a case study, a carbon cycle impact assessment was performed for deforestation, reforestation, and afforestation. It was verified that the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is attributed not only to fossil fuel usage, but also to deforestation, and that even if deforestation is immediately followed by reforestation, it takes very long to return to the initial concentration. The proposed method is expected to be eventually applicable to simulation of potential climate control in the future, contributing to safety verification of various climate engineering techniques.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2022

Hymenodictyon orixensis (Roxb.) Mabberley (locally known as Bhutum in Bangladesh) is both an ecologically and economically valuable multipurpose tree species for afforestation and reforestation programs in Bangladesh. Seed germination and seedling development study of H. orixense were conducted to find out the response to different growing medium, e.g., polybag (15×10 cm (T₀) and 20×15 cm (T₁)), sand medium in propagator house (T₂), conventional nursery bed (T₃), and root trainer (T₄) in the Nursery. Consequently, germination behavior and seedling morphological parameters of H. orixense were assessed. The results revealed that the sand medium of the propagator house (T₂) provided the highest germination % (58.57±22.30) and the highest germination energy (11.43±2.43) followed by seedlings growing in 20×15 cm polybags (T1) containing forest topsoil and cow-dung at a ratio of 3:1. Except for germination energy, germination values, and germination capacity, other seed biology parameters, particularly imbibition, germination period, germination rate, and plant survival percent in T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄ were significantly (p<0.05) different from T₀. Each phenotypic parameter of seedlings and dry matter of shoot and root significantly differed from control except root length (p<0.992). Based on this study, Polybags of 20×15 cm size are regarded as the best medium for quality seedling development of H. orixense. The nursery bed (T₃) had the lowest germination performance and developed more inferior quality seedlings. Thereby, 20×15 cm size of polybags with conventional soil and cow-dung media is recommended for maximum germination and to grow the quality seedlings of H. orixense in the Nursery.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 2018

This research paper investigates available options for implementing clean development mechanism (CDM) project in Sarawak state, Malaysia. To investigate economic feasibility, data was collected using survey and field research methods. Also, economic analysis was estimated using net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PBP) during the 30 years CDM: afforestation and reforestation periods. The result of economic analysis indicated that, the payback period was estimated at 9 years with 18 percent of internal rate of return (IRR). This study also highlighted that CDM biomass supply project have a lot of challenges due to the reduction and exclusion of bio-Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), supply and demand scenario, and impact of restriction of illegal logging in Malaysia. This study results demonstrate the methodology and guideline for future CDM investment and projects.