• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.505-522
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• 2014

While effects of the atmospheric boundary layer flow on engineering infrastructure are more or less known, some local transient winds create difficulties for structures, traffic and human activities. Hence, further research is required to fully elucidate flow characteristics of some of those very unique local winds. In this study, important characteristics of observed vertical velocity profiles along the main wind direction for the gusty Bora wind blowing along the eastern Adriatic coast are presented. Commonly used empirical power-law and the logarithmic-law profiles are compared against unique 3-level high-frequency Bora measurements. The experimental data agree well with the power-law and logarithmic-law approximations. An interesting feature observed is a decrease in the power-law exponent and aerodynamic surface roughness length, and an increase in friction velocity with increasing Bora wind velocity. This indicates an urban-like velocity profile for smaller wind velocities and rural-like velocity profile for larger wind velocities, which is due to a stronger increase in absolute velocity at each of the heights observed as compared to the respective velocity gradient (difference in average velocity among two different heights). The trends observed are similar during both the day and night. The thermal stratification is near neutral due to a strong mechanical mixing. The differences in aerodynamic surface roughness length are negligible for different time averaging periods when using the median. For the friction velocity, the arithmetic mean proved to be independent of the time record length, while for the power-law exponent both the arithmetic mean and the median are not influenced by the time averaging period. Another issue is a large difference in aerodynamic surface roughness length when calculating using the arithmetic mean and the median. This indicates that the more robust median is a more suitable parameter to determine the aerodynamic surface roughness length than the arithmetic mean value. Variations in velocity profiles at the same site during different wind periods are interesting because, in the engineering community, it has been commonly accepted that the aerodynamic characteristics at a particular site remain the same during various wind regimes.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-283
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• 2009

Marquardt method is used to estimate the aerodynamic parameters in urban area of Beijing City, China, including displacement length (d), roughness length ($z_0$) and friction velocity (u*) and drag coefficient. The surface drag coefficient defined as the ratio between friction velocity and mean wind speed is 0.125 in our research, which is close to typical urban area value. The averaged d and $z_0$ are 1.2 m and 7.6 m. d and $z_0$ change with direction because of the surface heterogeneity over urban surface and reach their maximum values at S-SW sector, this tendency agrees with the surface rough element distribution around the observation tower.

• 대기
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.339-351
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is for the fundamental understandings about building morphological parameters and aerodynamic roughness parameters of Seoul, Korea using the detailed urban geographic information datasets. Applied roughness parameter calculations are based on a digital map of buildings with lot area polygons. The quality of the developed roughness length ($z_0$) of Seoul was evaluated with densely installed 107 automatic weather stations. The correlation coefficient results between averaged wind speeds of AWS data and averaged $z_0$ is -0.303 in night and -0.398 in day (200 m radii circles case). Further $z_0$ enhancement should follow by considering other surface features such as high tree and orography of Seoul. However, this study would meet the needs to for local- or meso-scale meteorological modeling applications of Seoul. However, further studies would require for enhancing the $z_0$ applications of Seoul.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2011

증발산(Evapotranspiration)은 생태학 수문학적으로 지표 특성을 표현하는 변수로서 지구 물 순환과 에너지 수지에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 높은 지표거칠기를 고려하여 에너지 수지식을 기반으로 실제 증발산량을 산출하였다. 2009년 한반도를 대상으로 다양한 위성 자료와 관측 자료를 이용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 실제 증발산량 산출에 있어 중요한 변수인 현열은 다양한 입력 변수가 사용되어 계산 과정이 복잡하므로 본 연구에서는 경험적 계수인 B를 사용하여 현열 산출을 단순화하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 현열 산출 시 중요한 변수인 공기역학적 저항을 고려하여 높은 지표거칠기를 반영한 실제 증발산량 모델을 제시하였다. 산출된 실제 증발산량은 Priestley-Taylor 가능 증발산량을 통한 검증(RMSE 1.0179mm/day, BIAS 0.4516mm/day)을 수행하였으며 높은 지표거칠기를 고려한 실제 증발산량이전반적으로 잘 산출되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2083-2099
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 다른 실험 조건은 일정하게 유지하면서 아래 벽면의 표면조도 를 체계적으로 변화시켜 표면조도가 후향계단 뒤의 재부착 흐름 및 재발달경계층에 미 치는 영향을 조사하고자 하며 구체적인 내응은 다음과 같다. (1) 표면조도가 재부착 길이와 재발달경계층에 미치는 영향의 조사. (2) 표면조도가 평균속도와 난류량 분포 에 미치는 영향의 조사. (3) 여러 종류 표면조도 변화에 따른 재부착길이와 재발달 경 계층 회복에 미치는 영향과 결과의 상호 비교.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.101-113
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• 2015

본 연구는 바람통로의 세밀도와 편이성을 향상시켜 도시 녹지계획 활용도를 높이는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 유체역학적 거칠기 특성을 나타내는 거칠기길이($z_0$)로부터 바람통로 네트워크 추출기법을 제안하였다. 지적필지 단위로 산출된 $z_0$에 IDW, Spline, Kriging 내삽기법을 적용해 표면이 연속적인 수치거칠기길이모델(DZoM)을 생성한 후 수계망 추출 기법을 적용해 바람통로 네트워크를 산출하였다. 내삽기법 적용 결과들을 비교하여 가장 적합한 내삽 기법을 정하고 산출된 바람통로와 토지피복 및 지표온도의 공간적 관계를 분석하였다. 연구결과 DZoM 산출기법 중 Kriging 기법의 적용성이 IDW 및 Spline 기법보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. Kriging 기법을 이용하여 선형 추출한 바람통로 네트워크(Type B)와 Landsat-7 ETM+에서 산출한 여름철과 겨울철 야간 지표온도 분포를 비교한 결과는 공간적 일치도가 높았다. 주목할 부분으로 산출된 바람통로의 흐름이 도시의 야간 열 부하들을 완화하는 것으로 보인다. 추출된 바람통로 네트워크 사상들(features)에 대한 엄밀한 평가와 개선이 수행된다면 녹지계획 실무에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 이를 위해서는 (1) 거칠기길이 개선, (2) 녹지계획 목적에 맞는 바람통로의 해석 및 편집, (3) 분절된 바람통로 네트워크 연결, (4) 관련 자료의 상세한 구축 및 무결성 확보 등이 선행되어야 할 것이다. 제안된 바람통로 네트워크의 녹지계획 적용을 위해 향후 연구범위를 수도권으로 확장할 계획이다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.579-611
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• 2017

Bora is a strong, usually dry temporally and spatially transient wind that is common at the eastern Adriatic Coast and many other dynamically similar regions around the world. One of the Bora main characteristics is its gustiness, when wind velocities can reach up to five times the mean velocity. Bora often creates significant problems to traffic, structures and human life in general. In this study, Bora velocity and near-ground turbulence are studied using the results of three-level high-frequency Bora field measurements carried out on a meteorological tower near the city of Split, Croatia. These measurements are analyzed for a period from April 2010 until June 2011. This rather long period allows for making quite robust and reliable conclusions. The focus is on mean Bora velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulence length scale profiles, as well as on Bora velocity power spectra and thermal stratification. The results are compared with commonly used empirical laws and recommendations provided in the ESDU 85020 wind engineering standard to question its applicability to Bora. The obtained results report some interesting findings. In particular, the empirical power- and logarithmic laws proved to fit mean Bora velocity profiles well. With decreasing Bora velocity there is an increase in the power-law exponent and aerodynamic surface roughness length, and simultaneously a decrease in friction velocity. This indicates an urban-like velocity profile for smaller wind velocities and a rural-like velocity profile for larger wind velocities. Bora proved to be near-neutral thermally stratified. Turbulence intensity and lateral component of turbulence length scales agree well with ESDU 85020 for this particular terrain type. Longitudinal and vertical turbulence length scales, Reynolds shear stress and velocity power spectra differ considerably from ESDU 85020. This may have significant implications on calculations of Bora wind loads on structures.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.213-227
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• 2022

The design of a building is a complex process that encompasses different fields: one of the most relevant is nowadays the energetic one, which has led to the introduction of new typologies of building envelopes. Among them, the Permeable Double Skin Façades (PDSF) are capable to reduce the solar impact and so to improve the energetic performances of the building. However, the aerodynamic characterization of a building with a PDSF is still little investigated in the current literature. The present paper proposes an experimental study to highlight the modifications induced by the outer porous façade in the aerodynamics of a building. A dedicated wind tunnel study is conducted on a rigid model of a prismatic high-rise building, where different façade configurations are tested. Specifically, the single-layer façade is compared to two PDSFs, the former realized with perforated metal and the latter with expanded metal. Outcomes of the tests allow estimating the cladding loads for all the configurations, quantifying the shielding effects ascribable to the porous layers that are translated in a significant reduction of the design pressure that could be up to 50%. Moreover, the impact of the PDSFs on the vortex shedding is investigated, suggesting the capability of the façade to suppress the generation of synchronised vortices and so mitigate the structural response of the building.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.285-296
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• 2003

The measurement of the radiation energy, trunk temperature, leaf area index (LAI), air temperature, vapor pres-sure, and precipitation has been conducted under a mixed forest at Kwangneung Arboretum during the period of 2001. Characteristics of the diurnal and seasonal variation of the radiative energy were investigated. The aerodynamic roughness length was determined as about 1.6 m and the mean albedo was about 0.1 The downward short-wave radiation was linearly correlated with the net radiation and its correlation coefficient was about 0.96. From this linear relation, the heating coefficient was calculated and its annual mean value was about 0.21 The albedo and heating coefficient was varied with season, surface characteristics, and meteorological conditions. The diurnal and seasonal variations of radiation energy were discussed in terms of the surface characteristics and meteorological conditions. In the daytime, during clear skies, net radiation was dominated by the shortwave radiation. In presence of clouds and fog, the radiation energy was diminished. At night, the net radiation was entirely dominated due to the net longwave radiation. There was no distinct diurnal variation in net radiation flux during the overcast or rainy days. The net radiation was strongest in spring and weakest in winter. The seasonal development in leaf area was also reflected in a strong seasonal pattern of the radiation energy balance. The timing, duration, and maximum leaf area and trunk temperature were found to be an important control on radiation energy budget. The trunk temperature was either equal or warmer than air temperature during most of the growing season because the canopy could absorb a substantial amount of sunlight. After autumn (after the middle of October), the trunk temperature was consistently cooler than air temperature.