• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2010

The This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the voice therapy we operated to the patients with age-related dysphonia. Thirty four participants who were diagnosed as age-related dysphonia in laryngoscopic finding from January, 2009 to December, 2009 completed the study. The participants were aged from 60 to 82 years old with a mean age of 70.6. All participants had received the abdominal breath technique, SKHPIP with laughter, and basic vocal training with description of their problem, the length of which ranged from four sessions to twelve sessions. We executed the videostroboscopy to compare the aspect of voicing change and the perceptual assessment, voice range profile, acoustic and aerodynamic measures to identify change of voice. Participants had glottal gap due to incomplete glottic closure during voicing on the pretest. After they took the voice therapy, the glottic gap became narrow and rough and breathy voice was reduced. There were significant difference in acoustic and aerodynamic measures. Jitter, Shimmer, MFR were reduced and MPT, Psub were increased(p<.05). Participants' pitch range and intensity range were increased on the posttest performance after taking voice therapy. Especially, most of them were showed that pitch range was increased significantly in high frequency area. The results of this investigation indicate that the voice therapy using abdominal breath, SKHPIP, and exercise together is effective for the patients who have age-related dysphonia to improve their voice quality. We recommend to apply this technique to functional voice disorders who are showed glottal gap.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2010

This study investigated the characteristics of two aerodynamic indices, PTP (Phonation threshold pressure) and PTF (Phonation threshold flow) in patients with ADSD (adductor spasmodic dysphonia) and to see if two new aerodynamic indices can differentiate between normal and ADSD group. Additionally, PTP and PTF values were compared in terms of overall severity of ADSD in the patient group. The severity of ADSD was rated on a 7-point rating scale by two experienced speech language pathologists. The Kay Elemetrics Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) (Kay Elemetrics Corp., Lincoln Park, NJ) was used to collect PTP and PTF measurements from 16 female normal subjects, 31 female patients with ADSD. Significantly lower PTF values (P< 0.05) were observed in ADSD when compared to those of normal control. Also, significantly lower PTF values in severe ADSD patients (P<.001). However, PTP could not distinguish patients with ADSD from control groups (P=0.119) and among the ADSD groups according to the severity (P=0.177). Consequently, PTF was more sensitive than PTP which might differentiate between normal speakers and ADSD and among different levels of severity within ADSD, suggesting that PTF could be a useful diagnostic parameter to measure the aerodynamic function of ADSD and provide the neurolaryngeal dysfunction in patients with ADSD.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.203-214
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• 2024

Large-span cantilevered roof represents a unique type of structure that is vulnerable to wind loads. Inspired by the need to maximumly reducing the rooftop wind loads, this study examined the feasibility of positioning vented slots on the leading edge, and the effectiveness of such aerodynamic mitigation measures are assessed via both physical and numerical simulations. The reliability of numerical simulation was evaluated via comparisons with the wind tunnel tests. The results indicated that, the variation of venting hole arrangement can cause significant change in the rooftop wind load characteristics. For the cases involved in this study, the maximum reduction of mean and peak wind suction coefficients are found to be 9% and 8% as compared to the original circular slot without venting holes. In addition, the effect of slot shape is also evident. It was shown that the triangular shaped slot tends to increase the wind suction near the leading edge, whereas the hexagonal and octagonal shaped slots are found to decrease the wind suction. In particular, with the installation of octagonal shaped slot, the maximum reduction of wind suction coefficients near the leading edge reaches up to 31% as compared to the circular shaped slot, while the maximum reduction of mean wind suction coefficients is about 30%.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

Vocal polyps are benign phonotraumatic lesions which are traditionally treated using phonomicrosurgical techniques. In the case of hyperfunctional voice use, voice therapy is effective and results in voice improvement. However, the utility of voice therapy about vocal polyp is in great demand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of voice therapy in patients with vocal polyps. The authors reviewed the medical records of 193 patients with vocal nodules or vocal polyps, and 64 patients (31 nodules and 33 polyps) were enrolled. All of the subjects had received explanation of problems, vocal hygiene education, and been treated by the $SKMVTT^{(R)}$ (Seong-Tae Kim's multiple voice therapy technique) ranging from 4 to 16 sessions (mean: 8.6 sessions). All subjects were examined by perceptual assessment, acoustic and aerodynamic measures, and VRP (voice range profile). In perceptual assessment, patients with vocal nodules had more breathy and strained voices than the vocal polyp group. Both groups significantly reduced rough, breathy voice after voice therapy. Patients with vocal polyps had worse voice quality than patients with nodules in acoustic measures. Both groups showed reduced jitter and shimmer after voice therapy. In aerodynamic measures, MPT and Psub were increased, and MFR was reduced (p<.05). Participants' frequency range and intensity range were increased after voice therapy, but only frequency range resulted in a significant difference (p<.05). In conclusion, the therapeutic effect of voice therapy in patients with vocal nodules and polyps was demonstrated perceptually and acoustically. We can suggest that voice therapy, including advice, vocal hygiene, and $SKMVTT^{(R)}$ is a useful as an initial choice of treatment for patients with vocal polyps before considering a surgical approach.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.489-497
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• 2019

Wind-adaptable design (WAD) provides a new method for super-tall buildings to lessen design conflicts between architectural prerequisites and aerodynamic requirements, and to increase the efficiency of structural system. Compared to conventional wind-resistant design approach, the proposed new method is to design a building in two consecutive stages: a stage in normal winds and a stage during extreme winds. In majority of time, the required structural capacity is primarily for normal wind effects. During extreme wind storms, the building's capacity to wind loads is reinforced by on-demand operable flow control measures/devices to effectively reduce the loads. A general procedure for using WAD is provided, followed by an exploratory case study to demonstrate the application of WAD.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.201-251
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• 1999

Flexible structures may experience excessive levels of vibration under the action of wind, adversely affecting serviceability and occupant comfort. To ensure the functional performance of a structure, various design modifications are possible, ranging from alternative structural systems to the utilization of passive and active control devices. This paper presents an overview of state-of-the-art measures that reduce the structural response of buildings, including a summary of recent work in aerodynamic tailoring and a discussion of auxiliary damping devices for mitigating the wind-induced motion of structures. In addition, some discussion of the application of such devices to improve structural resistance to seismic events is also presented, concluding with detailed examples of the application of auxiliary damping devices in Australia, Canada, China, Japan, and the United States.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.595-613
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• 2016

Large amplitude oscillation of steepled main cables usually presents during construction of a long-span bridge. To study this phenomenon, six typical main cables with different cross sections during construction are investigated. Two main foci have been conducted. Firstly, aerodynamic coefficients of a main cable are obtained and compared through simulation and wind tunnel test: (1) to ensure the simulation accuracy, influences of the numerical model's grid size, and the jaggy edges of main cable's cross section on main cable's aerodynamic coefficients are investigated; (2) aerodynamic coefficients of main cables at different wind attack angles are obtained based on the wind tunnel test in which the experimental model is made by rigid plastic using the 3D Printing Technology; (3) then numerical results are compared with wind tunnel test results, and they are in good agreement. Secondly, aerodynamic coefficients of the six main cables at different wind attack angles are obtained through numerical simulation. Then Den Hartog criterion is used to analyze the transverse galloping of main cables during construction. Results show all the six main cables may undergo galloping, which may be an important reason for the large amplitude oscillation of steepled main cables during construction. The flow structures around the main cables indicate that the characteristic of the airflow trajectory over a steepled main cable may play an important role in the galloping generation. Engineers should take some effective measures to control this harmful phenomenon due to the big possibility of the onset of galloping during the construction period.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2004

Purpose : To assess perceptual, acoustic and aerodynamic measure of voice quality in patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis before and after type I thyroplasty. Methods : The clinical records of patients operated type I thyroplasty in the Departement of otorhinoalryngolgy, Yongdong Severance hospital from November 2001 to November 2003 were reviewed. All patients uderwent a vocal function evaluation including perceptual, acoustic and aerodynamic measures of voice preoperative and on $60^{th}$ postoperative day. The perceptual and acoustic measures were obtained from recording of patients' reading a 'Sanchak' passage. The perceptual evaluation was performed by 2 speech pathologist using a 4-point rating scale. Acoustic parameters(voice range profile low(RAL), voice range profile high(RAH), average fundamental frequency(AFX), closed quotient, harmonic to noise ratio, jitter and shimmer) were investigated by Lx speech studio. Mean flow rate(MFR), subglottic pressure(Psub) and intensity were measured using the Phonatory function analyzer. The maximum phonation time was also measured. The data were statistically analyzed. A paired t-test (p<0.1) was used to compare preoperative and postoperative results. And multiple regression test was used to find which parameter was most correlated to improvement of postoperative voice quality. Results : Among aerodynamic parameters, Psub $(88.11mmH_2O{\rightarrow}58.7mmH_2O)$, MPT(7.87sec${\rightarrow}$12.53sec), MFR (359.8ml/sec${\rightarrow}$161.06ml/sec) were statistically improved. AFx(205.5Hz${\rightarrow}$163.27Hz), AQx(23.9%${\rightarrow}$48.3%), RAL, RAH. Jotter and shimmer were improved. In multiple regression test, AFx and AQx was noted as the two meost correlated parameters to improvement of postoperative breathiness. But general grade of voice quality was more correlated to Psub and shimmer. Conclusion : Vocal fold medialization procedures effectively reduce glottic gap. Increasing of contact area of both vocal folds induced improvement in aerodynamic parameters and leaded stabilizing of vocal fold vibration. That effect results in improvement in acoustic parameters (shimmer, jitter, signal-to-noise ratio, voice range profile) and voice quality.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2010

Vocal process granuloma can occur commonly by laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), vocal abuse or misuse. It has been reported that voice therapy is employed with medication therapy for the patients who has vocal process granuloma, however research about effect of voice therapy can be hardly founded. For that matter, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of therapeutic method we implement. Thirty one patients who has been diagnosed with vocal process granuloma from January, 2007 to June, 2009 participated in this study. 19 patients among them are provided voice therapy and medication, 12 patients take only medication. Voice therapy is implemented ranging from 5 to 19 sessions (mean: 8.6 sessions). We provided explanation about problem each patient has, voice rest, SKMVTT$^{(R)}$, abdominal breathing, and relaxation in session. All subjects were examined by videostroboscopy, perceptual assessment, acoustic and aerodynamic measures. Consequantly, the greater part of the patients (78.9%) who is treated by voice therapy and medication are confirmed disappearance or decrease of granuloma, it shows better results compared with the group provided only medication (66.7%). Especially, the period of drug administration is 3.7 months in the group runs parallel with voice therapy, the period of other group is 7.8 months. The results of acoustic and aerodynamic measures after treating indicates there are significant decrease in Jitter, Shimmer, and NHR, and increase in MPT, Psub (p<.05). However, there is no large difference statistically even though voice quality has improved since the therapy. In conclusion, it is verified that the voice therapy to the vocal process granuloma patients taking medication is effectual method, we recommend combining voice therapy with medication when treatment is needed for the vocal process granuloma patients.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.121-125
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• 2001

Singing requires exquisite coordination between the respiratory and phonatory system to efficiently control glottal airflow. Respiratory function and vocal aerodynamics were investigated in six female professional sopranos and in six female subjects without vocal training. All sopranos had more than 15 years of formal classic vocal training. Pulmonary function test data on simple pulmonary function, flow volume curve, static lung volumes, maximum inspiratory pressure(MIP), and maximum expiratory pressure(MEP) were obtained from all subjects. Vocal aerodynamic studies of maximum phonation time(MPT), phonation quotient, and mean glottal flow rates (MFR) were also measured in all subjects. Simple pulmonary function in professional sopranos was generally the same as that of other female subjects without vocal training. However, MIP and MEP showing respiratory muscle forces were significantly elevated in professional sopranos, compared to those of other female subjects without vocal training. Maximum phonation times and phonation quotient in sopranos are longer than those of other female subjects even though there were no differences in simple pulmonary function. High-pitched tones were made with significantly higher mean glottal flow rates(GFR) in normal subjects than low-pitched tones, whereas no changes in GFR were found in sopranos. The result indicated that sopranos demonstrated significant improvements in aerodynamic measures of GFR, maximum phonation time, suggesting an increase in glottal efficiency.