• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 2009

The thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD) process is recognized as an effective method for rapid waste activated sludge (WAS) degradation and the deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. Yet, high energy costs due to heating and aeration have limited the commercialization of economical TAD processes. Previous research on autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) has already reduced the heating cost. However, only a few studies have focused on reducing the aeration cost. Therefore, this study applied a two-step aeration control strategy to a fill-and-draw mode semicontinuous TAD process. The NADH-dependent fluorescence was monitored throughout the TAD experiment, and the aeration rate shifted according to the fluorescence intensity. As a result, the simple two-step aeration control operation achieved a 20.3% reduction in the total aeration, while maintaining an effective and stable operation. It is also expected that more savings can be achieved with a further reduction of the lower aeration rate or multisegmentation of the aeration rate.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.680-688
• /
• 2004

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated to investigate the degradation and removal of non-ionic surfactant, nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) in wastewater using lab scale experimental apparatus. About 5mg/L of NPEO was introduced and only < 0.1mg/L of NPEOs and nonylphenol(NP) in total was detected in treated effluent. In the effluent, long chain ethoxylates (NPEO12-15) were not detected, but short chain ethoxylates (NPEO1,2) were in relatively high concentration. NPEOs in the mixed liquor disappeared more rapidly in anaerobic condition than in aerobic condition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제22권10호
• /
• pp.1311-1323
• /
• 2012

In the present work, current knowledge on the potential fate, microbial degradation, and toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was thoroughly reviewed, focusing on the toxicological assessment of a variety of potential RDX degradation pathways in bacteria and fungi. The present review on microbial degradation pathways and toxicities of degradation intermediates suggests that, among aerobic RDX degradation pathways, the one via denitration may be preferred in a toxicological perspective, and that among anaerobic pathways, those forming 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB) via ring cleavage of 1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (MNX) may be toxicologically advantageous owing to its potential mineralization under partial or complete anoxic conditions. These findings provide important information on RDX-degrading microbial pathways, toxicologically most suitable to be stimulated in contaminated fields.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
• /
• pp.370-373
• /
• 2000

In this work, an extractive membrane bioreactor containing coulture broth of Burkholderia cepacia G4 PR1 constitutively expressing the TCE-degrading enzyme, tolune-ortho-monooxygenase(TOM), was used for the degradation of TCE. The membrane bioreactor operates by seperating the TCE-containing waste gas from the aerated biomedium, by which the air-stripping of TCE without degradation was overcome that could occur in conventional aerobic biological treatments of TCE-contaminated waste gases. This was achieved by a silicone rubber membrane which was coiled around a perspex draft tube. TCE from the gas phase diffuses across the silicone rubber membrane into microbial culture broth that was continuously fed from a separate aerobic CSTR. Therefore, TCE degradation occured without the TCE being directly exposed to the aerating gas stream. Of the TCE supplied to the membrane bioreactor, 72.6% was biodegraded during the operation of this system. To construct a mathematical model for this system, parameters describing microbial growth kinetics on TCE were determined using a CSTR bioreactor. Else parameters used for numerical simulation were determined from either indepedent experiments or values reported in the literature. The model was compared with the experimental data, and there was a good agreement between the predicted and the measured TCE concentrations in the system. To achieve a higher treatment efficiency, various operating conditions were simulated as well.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.193-198
• /
• 2002

Several 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) degrading bacteria were isolated from an activated sludge by an enrichment culture technique, and their TNT removal activities were examined. Among the isolates, strain C1 showed the highest degrading capability, and completely removed 100 or 200 mg I$\^$-1/ of TNT within 6 hours of incubation. This bacterium was identified as Klebsiella sp. The effects of different carbon sources on the removal of the parent TNT by Klebsiella sp. C1 were negligible, but the transformation rates of TNT metabolites such as amino-dinitrotoluenes and diamino-nitrotoluenes were higher with fructose addition compared to glucose addition. When nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, the degradation rates of TNT and hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluenes were higher than those with the ammonium addition. Although the TNT removal rate of Klebsiella sp. C1 was slightly higher in anaerobic conditions, the further transformations of TNT metabolites were more favorable in aerobic conditions.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.116-124
• /
• 1992

합성 pyrethroid계 살충제의 화학구조중 alcohol부분이 2-methyl biphenyl 그룹이 있는 bifenthrin과 ${\alpha}$-cyanobenzyl ester 그룹이 있는 cyhalothrin의 분해양상을 비교하기 위하여 토양의 환경조건을 호기적, 혐기적 및 살균조건으로 하였을 때와 pH를 변화시킨 수용액중에서 분해양상을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. Bifenthrin의 호기적 토양조건에서의 분해반감기는 칠곡 및 복현 토양에서 85.1 및 61.2일이었으며 cyhalothrin은 각각 54.6 및 32.2일로서 유기물함량이 많은 복현토양에서 두 약제 모두 분해가 빨랐다. 두 약제 모두 혐기적 조건 및 살균 조건의 토양에서는 매우 느린 분해양상을 보였다 Bifenthrin과 cyhalothrin의 분해는 주로 호기성 미생물이관여하는 것으로 나타났다. 두 약제간에는 cyhalothrin이 bifenthrin보다 분해반감기가 30일 정도 빨랐다. 수용액의 pH가 10인 알카리성 조건에서 cyhalothrin이 bifenthrin보다 상당히 빨리 분해되 었으며 pH 2 및 6의 산성조건에서도 두 약제 모두 분해가 지연되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제50권5호
• /
• pp.325-335
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out for 30 days in aeration type and agitation type reactor to characterize organic matter decomposition and ammonia volatilization during the liquid composting of pig slurry, and organic matter and nitrogen removal rate through mass balance analysis was analyzed. In the aeration type reactor, the pH increased from 7.0 to 9.13, and TS 34.5%, VS 33.4%, $BOD_5$ 71.2%, $COD_{Cr}$ 62.3% and TOC 83.2% were removed. In addition, 44.6% of TN and 65.0% of ${NH_4}^+-N$ were removed. In the agitation type reactor, the pH increased from 7.0 to 8.10, and the removal rates of TS 0.9%, VS 0.5%, $COD_{Cr}$ 27.5%, $BOD_5$ 28.9% and TOC 41.3% were obtained. And TN and ${NH_4}^+-N$ showed removal rate of 25.3% and 29.2%, respectively. The first order kinetics constant related to $BOD_5$ degradation was $-0.039day^{-1}$ for aerobic liquid composting and $-0.013day^{-1}$ for agitated reactor. Nitrogen loss in aerobic liquid composting was about 2.3 times higher than that of agitated reactor, whereas FAN/TAN in aerobic liquid composting was about 7.9 times higher than that of agitation type reactor. Therefore, despite the low FAN/TAN in the agitation type reactor, the nitrogen loss rate was relatively high.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.683-686
• /
• 2002

To achieve optimum operation of a thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD) process for waste activated sludge (WAS), TAD experiments using Bacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC 31197) were carried out to investigate the optimum concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO). TAD reactors were operated at DO concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm, and the results showed that the WAS could be successfully degraded by a TAD system operated with a DO concentration of 1 ppm and above. When the TAD system with an optimum additive (2 mM Ca ion), selected from a previous study, and 1 ppm DO concentration were combined with a thermal pretreatment ($121^{\circ}C$, 10 min), the results exhibited upgraded total suspended solids and an enhanced protein degradation.

• 미생물과산업
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.2-8
• /
• 1992

The present study was undertaken to characterize the biodegradation of phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-D and MCPP, under aerobic conditions. Specifically, the work had the following objectives; i) to develop and characterize bacterial mixed cultures for the 2,4-D and MCPP degradation, ii) to evaluate the degradation of 2,4-D and MCPP in shake-flasks and stirred tank reactors; and iii) to evaluate the treatment of industrial fertilizer solid wste material containing 2,4-D and MCPP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.185-187
• /
• 1998

Pseudomonas putida KCTC 2401 degrades 1,1, 2-trichloroethylene (TCE) using phenol as a cosubstrate. The initial TCE degradation rate decreased with the initial TCE concentration up to 20mg/l of TCE at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5. The initial degradation rate and total removal efficiency increased with inoculum size. The strain also degraded dichloroacetic acid, which was supposed to be a degradation by-product. Phenol monooxygenase apparently participates in the TCE degradation mechanism.