• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2006

Aeration is the most important and indispensable operation unit for the treatment of swine manure using aerobic liquid-composting process. The composting of swine manure depends on biological treatment process, but the highly concentrated ammonia nitrogen is required a pretreatment to expect the appropriate efficiency of the biological treatment process. In this study, pilot experiments have been carried out to estimate of the fit condition about ammonia stripping process as a pretreatment to aerobic liquid- composting. pH adjustment with $Ca(OH)_2$ was economically superior to use of NaOH and optimum pH of ammonia stripping was 12.3, ammonia nitorgen was rapidly removed as pH were increased at $$35^{\circ}C$$. When air stripping is performed before aerobic liquid-stripping, a high initial pH is required for complete ammonia removal and is additional effects such as organic substances, phosphorus, turbidity, and color removal. Stripping process was very efficient in the pretreatment of highly concentrated ammonia nitrogen for composting of swine manure. Emission rate of gaseous ammonia was $0.5355mole\;s^{-1}$ at initial time and $0.0253mole\;s^{-1}$ at finitial time. The fit condition of ammonia stripping in this study were at the temperature of $$35^{\circ}C$$, and the pH of 12.3 during 48 hours.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2199-2210
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• 2017

Soil burial is the most widely used disposal method for infected pig carcasses, but composting has gained attention as an alternative disposal method because pig carcasses can be decomposed rapidly and safely by composting. To understand the pig carcass decomposition process in soil burial and by composting, pilot-scale test systems that simulated soil burial and composting were designed and constructed in the field. The envelope material samples were collected using special sampling devices without disturbance, and bacterial community dynamics were analyzed by high-throughput pyrosequencing for 340 days. Based on the odor gas intensity profiles, it was estimated that the active and advanced decay stages were reached earlier by composting than by soil burial. The dominant bacterial communities in the soil were aerobic and/or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Gelidibacter, Mucilaginibacter, and Brevundimonas. However, the dominant bacteria in the composting system were anaerobic, thermophilic, endospore-forming, and/or halophilic gram-positive bacteria such as Pelotomaculum, Lentibacillus, Clostridium, and Caldicoprobacter. Different dominant bacteria played important roles in the decomposition of pig carcasses in the soil and compost. This study provides useful comparative date for the degradation of pig carcasses in the soil burial and composting systems.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.28-34
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• 2003

This study was performed to compare the effects of chaff and sawdust as bulking materials on temperature, pH, weight and volume reduction and salinity in aerobic composting of food wastes. Volume ratios of food wastes to chaff in reactor of Control, Ch-l, Ch-2, Ch-3 and Ch-4 were 4:0, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3 and 4:4, respectively. Volume ratios of food wastes to sawdust in reactor of Control, Sd-l, Sd-2, Sd-3 and Sd-4 were 4:0, 4:1, 4:2, 4:3 and 4:4, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with 1 hour stirring by 1 rpm and 2 hours aeration per day. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to chaff and sawdust resulted in the reaction at higher reaction temperature and the elongation of the high temperature reaction period. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to chaff and sawdust resulted in faster pH increase. In the volume ratio of 4:3 and 4:4, pH increased faster in food-chaff mixtures than in food-sawdust mixtures. The lowering of the volume ratio of food wastes to chaff and sawdust resulted in faster steady state in the weight reduction rate and the volume reduction rate. The weight reduction rates of chaff mixtures were higher than those of sawdust mixtures, but the volume reduction rates of sawdust mixtures were more higher than those of chaff mixtures. Salinity increased as composting reaction proceeded, due to reduction in mass weight. The final salinity of Control was 2.79%, and the final range of salinities of chaff and sawdust mixtures were 2.18∼2.37% and 1.86∼2.05%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of swine slurry wastewater from bogen, in the treatment of Aerobic Liquid-Composting treatment by Aerobic Liquid-Composting using a mixer and Micro Air Diffusion pH level was at the beginning and its rise was seemingly related to VFA. It appears that removal of BOD and COD are more effective by Aerobic than by Anaerobic. In terms of removal efficiency, it shows 70.9% of BOD and 39% of COD in M.A+Mix and 67.8% of BOD and 19% of COD in M.A. $NH_3-N$ decreases in all conditions, which is caused by both the characteristic of nitrogen and the rise of pH. $NO_3-N$ increases in all conditions. It is judged that the accumulation of $NO_3-N$ affects the reduction of the ratio of denitrification. In the result of the analysis of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients, content of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients in aerobic conditions (M.A+Mix) is higher than anaerobic conditions.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1998

The dramatic increase in both swine and cattle production in Korea has presented problems related to protection of water resources. Animal wastes are a potentially valuable source of plant nutrients. Modern liquid waste management plans for a livestock housing need to focus on the slurry aeration and composting control methods and cost effective equipments. Recent developments in the animal manure liquid composting make it possible to improve the manure more easier to handle, reduce the odorous, labors and bedding materials, kill the weed seeds etc. However, there are some disadvantages, the aerator consumes much electrical power and initial cost is high. To solve these problems, this study is intended to develop a key points such as slurry aeration and dilution, liquid waste composting equipments.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2017

At present, in India, handling of solid waste has become a major challenge for the municipal authorities. Composting of solid waste, especially organic waste, can be one of the solutions to tackle the issue of handling solid waste. The present study is focused on agitated piles composting of flower waste (FW). Five combinations of FW with dry leaves (DL) and cow dung (CD) were prepared to conduct the study. Significant changes were observed due to the addition of bulking agent. The bulking material helps to reduce the production of leachate and also to maintain the aerobic condition within the piles. The reduction of total organic carbon was 21% in FW composting which increased by 36.48% during the composting of FW on addition of DL and CD. On the 120th day of composting, the pH of pile five (70 kg FW + 20 kg CD + 15 kg DL) was 7.33, electrical conductivity 2.77 mS/cm, total organic carbon 26.9%, total nitrogen 2.2%, and C:N ratio was 12. Appropriate proportion of waste mixture played an important role in providing favorable conditions for the microbial transformation of flower waste to stabilized compost. Finally, FW with the combination of CD and DL was found to be successful during pile composting.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to estimate the degradation rate and process efficiency of the composting according to the salinity concentration. The samples of food waste for this study were collected in Pocheon-Gun, Kyungki-Do. The collected samples were adjusted to the optimum range of moisture content, pH and C/N ratio. After that, adding the saline, the samples with 3 different salinity concentrations(1%, 5% and 10%) were made. Then each sample was fed into the reactor with temperature controller. During the aerobic composting process, the change of the physical and chemical properties of the sample as temperature, pH, C/N ratio and $CO_2$ and $O_2$ concentration in the reactor were measured. From the experiment of this study, the result are following. The highest temperatures are $59^{\circ}C$ at RUN 1(1% salinity conc.), $49^{\circ}C$ at RUN 2(5% salinity conc.) and $45^{\circ}C$ at RUN 3(10% salinity conc.). The change of $CO_2$ production and $O_2$ consumption have the positive correlation with the change of the temperature. $CO_2$ production and $O_2$ consumption are peaked at the low salinity concentration. During composting, Run 1, RUN 2 and RUN 3 are increased pH to 8.9, 8.6 and 7.2 and slowly decreased C/N ratio to 18.9, 19.1 and 22.1 and moisture content to 51.1%, 53.7% and 55.0%, respectively. It is supposed that increasing salinity concentration causes the retarding of the microbial degradation activities during the composting. And for the efficient composting, the salinity concentration in the sample hat to be maintained below 5%.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2006

The biodegradability test of bulking agents in feces composting process is conducted to increase the management efficiency for environment-friendly rural toilet developed by National Rural Resource Institute in 2001. In the case study through references and field study, ash, fallen leaves, and wood chips are commonly used in the ecological toilet. Extension officers and farmers prefer rice straw, fallen leaves, and chaff among the rural resources as a bulking agents in the aspect of getting and storage as the result of questionnaire survey. As the result of biodegradability test including the temperature change, $CO_2$ gas production, and C/N ratio change of composting pile under the condition of aerobic composting apparatus, rice straw and chaff are good bulking agents for environment-friendly rural toilet. It is recommended that easy getting materials among the above mentioned materials are used for bulking agents as the region and season in environment-friendly rural toilet.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.42
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• pp.61-67
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• 2000

Composting of hog manure amended with sawdust trials lasted three weeks and used pilot-scale in bin composting system. Results showed that the rise temperature and carbon dioxide evolution in compost during the composting decomposition process were affected by the aeration method, pH, C/N, moisture content, bulk density and particle size distribution. No significant differences existed in biophysical properties of the composit produced from the continuous and intermittent aeration method. The intermittent aeration was very successful in compost odor control and required less time to reach stability than the continuous aeration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.597-603
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• 1999

Even though the development of livestock industry in Asia and Australasia has brought the economic growth and thus elevated the living standard in these areas, it has also brought the pollution caused by the increasing amount of animal wastes. Among them, Japan probably is the first country that suffered from the animal waste pollution as early as in 1970s. Nowadays, the animal waste pollution has been a common problem for almost every countries in this region. To solve it, different measures and regulations have been implemented in many countries. In this paper, different methods for animal waste disposal are discussed, including: manure-bed animal housing, composting, anaerobic treatment, odor control, utilization of biogas, aerobic treatment, three-step process, N and P removal, land application, cultivation of algae, anaerobic treatment of dead animals. It is hoped that an animal industry without pollution can be achieved in the future.