• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.69-72
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• 2011

Defective synthesis of the steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex has profound effects on human development and homeostasis. Due to the time-consuming chromatography procedure combined with mass spectrometry, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization method coupled to the linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-LTQ-MS/MS) was developed for quantitative analysis of 10 adrenal steroids in human serum. Although MALDI-MS can be introduced for its applicability as a high-throughput screening method, it has a limitation on reproducibility within and between samples, which renders poor reproducibility for quantification. For quantitative MALDI-MS/MS analysis, the stable-isotope labeled internal standards were used and the conditions of crystallization were tested. The precision and accuracy were 3.1~35.5% and 83.8~138.5%, respectively, when a mixture of 10 mg/mL ${\alpha}$-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 0.2% TFA of 70% acetonitrile was used as the MALDI matrix. The limit of quantification ranged from 5 to 340 ng/mL, and the linearity as a correlation coefficient was higher than 0.988 for all analytes in the calibration range. Clinical applications include quantitative analyses of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The devised MALDI-MS/MS technique could be successfully applied to diagnosis of clinical samples.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.163-173
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• 1971

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1968

The mature guinea pigs were grouped as indicated in the table 1. Radio-active iodine(I-131)in dose of 4.5mci, was administered to the experimental groups. The animals were killed for examination in 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 55 days after the administration the radio-active iodine. The thyroid and adrenal glands were observed histologically. The results obtained were as follows; 1. One day after the administration, thyroid epithelial cells were abnormally enlarged. After seven days, specimens taken from the middle of the thyroid showed that the follicles and epithelial cells were changing to fibrous tissue, however, some follicles still remained in the verge of the thyroid. Follicles were not observed after fourteen days. After twenty-eight days, the follicles had all changed to fibrous tissue, and had lost their function. 2. The size of the zonas gromerulosa of adrenal cortex epually, in both male and female, showed slight fluctuation in size with no tendency to be changed. 3. Among the zones of the adrenal glands, zona fasciculata showed marked changes. Zona fasciculata was atrophied in Process of time. In females, it was atrophied significantly(P<0.05) after fourteen days, and highly significant (P<0.01) in twenty-eight and fifty-six days after the administration of radioactive iodine. In males, it also decreased significantly(P<0.05) in seventy-eight days and highly significant(P<0.01) in forty-two and fifty-six days after the administration. 4. The size of the Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex in the females increased significantly (P<0.05) in twenty-eight days after the administration. In males, it showed slight fluctuation until twenty-eight days, but it increased significantly(P<0.05) in forty-two and fifty-six days after the administration. 5. The size of the adrenal medulla increased significantly(P<0.05) in twenty-eight and forty-two days in females. It was increased significantly(P<0.05) in fourth-two days and high significantly(P<0.01) in fifty-six days after the administration.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1980

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of castration and administration of testosterone propionate(TP) on the development of the thyroid, adrenal glands and the testis in immature male rats, 25 days immatured, weighing 64.1${\pm}$2g, were divided into two groups of control and castrated, each sub-divided into 30 rats again, treated and untreated with TP respectivity. Each rat was given 20$m\ell$ of TP subcutaneously at two weeks interval. Six rats among each group were randomly sacrificed at 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63 days after treatment, of which their thyroid, adrenal glands and testis were collected for cytometric observation. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The size of the follicle of thyroid glands had a tendency to increase proportionally to the treatment period in every group. However, in castration group, the follicular size of the untreated with TP were significantly increased from 49 days (p<0.05) after treatment than that of the treated with TP, while in control group, the treated with TP were not increased during the treatment period. Regarding the height of the follicular epithelial cell in thyroid gland, the treated with TP had a tendency to increase than the untreated with TP in both castration and control group. 2. Regarding the size of the follicle of thyroid gland in relation with the increment period, the untreated with TP in control group were slightly increased from 49 days after treatment, but the treated with TP were not changed significantly. Castration group had a tendency to increase significantly than the control group, especially the untreated with TP in castration group were significantly increased. 3. As for the change of the relative height of thyroidal follicular epithelial cell in relation with the increment of treatment period, the untreated, A and C group, in both castration and control group were increased at 35 days 63 days after treatment while the treated, B and D group had tendency to increase from 21 days after treatment. 4. Regarding the thickness fo adrenal cortex, the castration group had a tendency to increase than the control group until 21 days after treatment. But, at 35 days, the change of the thickness was reversed; Mean while at 49 days and 63 days, especially C group in castration were significantly increased than any other groups although there were no significant differences among the every group during the whole treatment period. Regarding the thickness of adrenal cortex in relation with the increment of treatment period, A, B and C group had a tendency to increase until 21 days after treatment. After that period, there was no significant increment in all groups. Especially, in D group, there were no significant changes from 7 days to 63 days after treatment. 5. As for the tickness of adrenal medulla, there were no significant changes in every group of castration and TP treatment, except that the castration group had a tendency to increase continually than the control throughout the whole treament period. 6. In terms of the number, diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubule in testis of control group, the treated group with TP were distinctly reduced than those of the untreated group from 49 days after treatment respectively.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.257-268
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• 2021

Phthalates and their metabolites are well-known endocrine disrupting chemicals. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used in industry and the exposing possibility to adult is high. In this study, DEHP was treated (133 ㎍/L and 1,330 ㎍/L in drinking water) according to the OECD test guideline 443 to mature female mice and their adrenal gland were examined for histological characteristics and steroidogenic gene expression. The wet weight of the adrenal gland was increased in all administrated groups compared to control. The diameter of zona fasciculata (ZF) was increased by DEHP in both outer ZF and inner ZF but there was no difference in morphology of the cells and arrangements into zona between groups. In addition, the arrangement of extracellular matrix was not different between control and DEHP groups. CYP11B1 was mainly localized at ZF and the intensity was not different between groups. DAX1 was localized in zona glomerulosa (ZG) and ZF, and its expression levels were decreased by DEHP administration. Its level was lower in DEHP133 group than DEHP1330 group. On the other hand, CYP17A1 was localized in ZG of DEHP1330 group. These results suggest that chronic low-dose DEHP exposing may modify the microstructure and function of the adrenal cortical cortex.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 1983

The present study was carried out to observe the histopathological changes in the mammary gland of lactating rats and rabbits injected with dexamethasone. White rats were intramuscularly injected with 0.25mg, 0.5mg or 1.0mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (containing $9{\alpha}$-fluoro-$16{\alpha}$-methylprednisolone, 5.0mg/ml) daily for 3 to 10 days on the 3rd day after parturition and white rabbits were intramammary infused with 4mg or 20mg of dexamethasone daily for 4 days on 7th day after parturition. The histopathological changes of the mammary glands, ovaries and adrenal glands of rats and rabbits were observed with light microscope. In the mammary glands of rats, the microscopic findings encountered were decrease of the milk in the alveolar lumina, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells, atrophy of alveoli, proliferation of fibroblasts and thickness of alveolar walls, destruction of alveoli, presence of fat droplets within the glandular epithelial cells, infiltration of mononuclear cells and proliferation of adipose tissue, which were relative to the dose and duration of injection. Especially, in the cases of the administration of large doses or long duration, there were severe fibrosis and focal necrosis of glandular tissue. In the mammary glands of rabbits, the morphological changes were similar to those findings in the rats. The milk in the alveolar lumina was decreased gradually according to the dose and duration of injection, while milk fat concentration regarded to increase. In the histological findings of ovaries, necrosis of granulosa cellos, vacuolization and necrosis of luteal cells, atrophy and necrotic foci in the corpora lutes were observed. In the adrenal glands, hyperemia, hemorrhage, vacuolization of adrenal cortical cells, necrotic foci and atrophy of adrenal cortex were observed.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-160
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• 2006

The obtained results are summarized as follows 1. New findings are reporting year by year as for the study related to Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Bee Venom therapy. 2. The Anti-inflammatory effect of Bee Venom therapy is achieved through counterirritation, stimulations to adrenal cortex, immuno-regulation, antioxidation, removal of free radicals, modulation of AGP gene induction. 3. The chief components of Bee Venom related to Anti-inflammatory effect are Melittin, MCD peptide, Apamin, Adolapin etc. 4. Melittin binds to secretory phospholipase A2 and inhibits its enzymatic activity. 5. Melittin blocks neutophil O2-production. 6. MCD peptide(Peptide 401) stimulates the mast cell secrets histamine, Anti-inflammatory effect caused by this is 'conterirritation'. 7. Melittin & Apamin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inducing cortisone secretion. 8. MCD peptide & Apamin increase immunologic fuction by stimulating hypophysis & adrenal cortex and have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid. 9. Adolapin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting COX. 10. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing AGP($\alpha$-acid glycoprotein). 11. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NO, iNOS, PLA2, COX-2, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1, NF-${\kappa}B$, MAP kinase.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 1976

Author have already reported that urinary aldosterone excretion of the Korean who usually eat high sodium diet is significantly lower comparing with the American, although the plasma aldosterone concentration is identical in the former with that of the latter. Measurement of urinary aldosterone excretion and Plasma concentration only is insufficient to establish the pressence and/or mode of evolution of the Korean. In this experiments, aldosterone secretion rate(ASR) was measured in normotensive Korean during high and low dietary sodium intake with or without additional potassium supply. Results were as follows; 1) In normal Korean, dietary sodium restriction resulted in appreciable increase in ASR, and a sustained increase in urinary aldosterone excretion with an increase in plasma level. 2) Oral potassium loading easily stimulated the adrenal cortex of the Korean who already adapted to a high sodium diet when dietary sodium is still identical with not·mal American. 3) Quantitative relationships between aldosterone secretion rate, plasma concentration and urinary excretion of aldosterone were altered by potassium loading. 4) Urinary aldosterone excretion didn't reflect concurrent increase aldosterone secretion in subjects with Potassium intake. It was discussed that the changes of tile relationships and of adrenal hyper response on Potassium Beading in the Korean will be elucidated by measuring the metabolic clearance rate.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.243-249
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• 2004

KBPT is the fortified prescription of Bang-pung-tong-sung-san(BPTS) by adding Spatholobi Clulis and Salviae Miltiorrzae Radix. BPTS prescription has been utilized in oriental medicine for the treatments of vascular diseases including hypertension, stroke, and arteriosclerosis. Yet, the overall mechanism underlying its activity at the cellular levels remains unknown. Using spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model, we investigated whether the KBPTS has an effect on the pathophysiological parameters related to hypertension. Pretreatment of SHR with KBPTS was found to lower blood pressure and heartbeat rate. Levels of aldosterone. dopamine, and epinephrine were found to be significantly reduced in the serum of KBPTS-treated SHR. Histological examination of adrenal cortex and superior aorta showed that tissues from KBPTS-treated SHR rats were more intact and cleaner compared to saline-treated control. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein in adrenal gland, aorta, myocardial tissue, and kidneys were higher in KBPTS-treated animals than control group. The present data suggest that KBPTS may play a role in normalizing cardiovascular function in SHR by controlling hypertension-related blood factors and superoxide stressors.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 1985

In order to know the effects of ginseng on the stress, histochemical and electron microsbopic observations were carried out of the adrenal cortex on the stressed rats. The experiments were carried out as follow : non-stressed after saline injection (S-NS-AD), stressed after saline injection (S-S-AD), non-stressed after ginseng injection (G-NS-AD), stressed after ginseng injection (G-S-AD). Saline and ginseng extract were treated by peritoneal injection for 30 days. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Histologically a number of small lipid droplets are found more in S-S-AD group than in S-NS-AD group, whereas in ginseng treated groups numerous large lipid droplets are found. Histochemically cholesterol and its ester, glycolipid, phospholipid and glycogen are highly found in ginseng-treated groups. On the other hand, glycogen and cholesterol are also observed in S-S-AD group. Electron microscopically a numbers of lipid droplets are observed in S-S-AD, G-NS-AD and G-S-AD group, especially large lipid droplets and moderate glycogen are found in G-NS-AD and G-S-AD group. In ginseng-treated groups and S-S-AD group, dilated SER, extended intercellular space and dense bodies are observed, and the filopodiae are found in G-S-AD group. These data suggest that ginseng was activate the metabolism and synthesis of the adrenal cortical cells on the stress.