• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2023

Purpose: Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is an important tool for diagnosing and treating GI diseases in children. This study aimed to analyze the current GI endoscopy practice patterns among South Korean pediatric endoscopists. Methods: Twelve members of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition developed a questionnaire. The questionnaire was emailed to pediatric gastroenterologists attending general and tertiary hospitals in South Korea. Results: The response rate was 86.7% (52/60), and 49 of the respondents (94.2%) were currently performing endoscopy. All respondents were performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and 43 (87.8%) were performing colonoscopy. Relatively rare procedures for children, such as double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) (4.1%), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (2.0%), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) (2.0%), were only performed by pediatric gastroenterologists at very few centers, but were performed by adult endoscopists in most of the centers; of all the respondents, 83.7% (41/49) performed emergency endoscopy. In most centers, the majority of the endoscopies were performed under sedation, with midazolam (100.0%) and ketamine (67.3%) as the most frequently used sedatives. Conclusion: While most pediatric GI endoscopists perform common GI endoscopic procedures, rare procedures, such as DBE, ERCP, and EUS, are only performed by pediatric gastroenterologists at very few centers, and by adult GI endoscopists at most of the centers. For such rare procedures, close communication and cooperation with adult GI endoscopists are required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.552-558
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• 2019

Purpose: Although vitamin D deficiency is common among Korean adolescent girls and young women, few studies have explored the potential health effects of vitamin D deficiency in this vulnerable population. This study examined the association between vitamin D deficiency and anemia in Korean adolescent girls and young women. Methods: The data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 ~ 2014 were used. A total of 3,643 girls and adult women aged 12 to 29 who provided all the information (including serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, hemoglobin, and/or serum ferritin) needed for the analysis were included in the analysis. Demographic, lifestyle, and health data were obtained through survey questionnaires. Anemia and iron deficiency anemia were defined according to the World Health Organization cut-offs. Multivariable logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline regression were used in the analysis. Results: In fully adjusted logistic regression models, the vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with higher prevalences of anemia (odds ratio (OR): 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04 ~ 2.49) and iron deficiency anemia (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01 ~ 2.03). In a cubic spline regression model, we observed a dose-response relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and anemia, and this linear relationship was also clearly observed between serum 25(OH)D concentration and iron deficiency anemia. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and anemia in adolescent girls and young women. Alternatively, vitamin D deficiency may be a concurrent event for patients with anemia, which we cannot distinguish in this cross-sectional study. Further studies are needed to verify the causality in this population of low vitamin D levels.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2003

The history of pediatric psychopharmacology is very short and the research on safety, efficacy and side effects is preliminary and long-term effect on growth and maturation is not well known yet. Clinical findings have shown that the responses to antidepressants, antipsychotics, CNS stimulants and steroids in children and adolescents might be different from adult populations. Based on these findings, this paper reviewed three issues, Firstly, in developmental pharmacokinetics. the author discussed the developmental factors affecting drug absorption, distribution, protein-binding, metabolism and excretion. Secondly, in developmental pharmacodynamics, developmental characteristics of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine receptors and their clinical implications were reviewed. Lastly, in pharamcogenetic part, the clinical utility of pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetic aspects of pharmacogenetics, the pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacogenetics, the association studies of dopamine-related alleles in neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders or Tourette’s disorders, pharmacogenetic studies dopamine-related alleles and the pharmacogenetic studies of serotonin-related alleles. Based on these preliminary research, future pharmacogenetic applications in childhood and adolescent psychiatry were also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of the study was to evaluate the related factors of depression in mothers bringing their offspring for evaluation or treatment of problematic behaviors. Methods : Fifty mothers were recruited through their offspring's evaluation or treatment for offspring's problematic behaviors. Psychological tests battery including Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was administered to all mothers and their offspring. Mothers completed Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and teachers completed Teacher's Report Form (TRF). On the basis of the maternal depression, the mothers were divided into two groups. Results : 1) Among the fifty mothers, $42\%$ of the mothers had depressive disorder, $16\%$ had anxiety disorder, and $42\%$ had no psychiatric disorder. 2) Depressed mothers rated significantly higher in aggressive behaviors, externalizing problems of K-CBCL in their children. 3) Children of depressed mothers had lower score in picture arrangement and coding subtests of KEDI-WISC than those of no psychiatric disorder mothers. 4) After controlling for the total problematic behavior scores of TRF, mother's depression is positively correlated with aggressive behaviors, externalizing problems, total problematic behaviors of K-CBCL, and negatively correlated with coding of KEDI-WISC. Conclusion : Children's aggressive behavior, externalizing behavior, total problematic behaviors and low coding score may be associated with mother's depression.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Method: Based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2015, 404 adolescents aged 12-18 years were enrolled. We used the adolescent Ford method as the diagnostic criteria for adolescent metabolic syndrome. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, $x^2$-test, and logistic regression with SPSS WINDOW 23.0 program. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents was 6.5% (6.5% for boys and 6.4% for girls). Among metabolic syndrome components, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (28.8%) was the highest, followed by elevated triglycerides (21.3%), increased waist circumference (14.1%), decreased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (11.5%), and elevated fasting blood sugar (7.8%). The only factor associated with metabolic syndrome in both boys and girls was the Body Mass Index (BMI), and the likelihood of a metabolic syndrome increased by 1.6 to 2.3 times (Adjusted OR=1.552 to 2.313, p=0.001) as the BMI increased. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, an intervention program should be developed and provided to maintain the BMI in the normal range for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.sup1
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• pp.55-71
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• 2008

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) defined as passage of gastric contents into the esophagus without symptoms is a common physiologic gastrointestinal problem in infants, children and even in adults. But gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) defined as symptoms or complications of GER is a disease entity to find out the reason and treat. After the era of 1970 we have been studying about GERD with the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. I already introduced the nature and the fundamental knowledge of GERD in the opening symposium of KSPGHAN in 1998. Now, I will introduce the guidelines for evaluation and treatment of GERD which was recommended by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and American Pediatric Association which was published in 2001. And I will introduce progressing subjects and the forecoming issues to be solved in near future. Those are as followings. Does GERD cause otolaryngologic symptoms such as chronic sinusitis and chronic otitis? Is GERD inherited? Can we find out the child who will become GERD in adult life and the way to reduce the incidence of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer? Is long term PPI therapy safe in children?

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.184-191
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• 2023

Germectomy is a surgical method most typically performed in young adults. The indications for treatment are controversial. The purpose of this review was to determine the correct indications for germectomy and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure. We reviewed the surgical techniques (anesthetic methods, patient preparation, and flap designs) and complications. Germectomy for orthodontic purposes is a common indication for surgical removal of tooth germ among young patients. Several studies have supported removal at an earlier age to produce fewer surgical complications. Several surgical techniques have been described in the literature.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.395-400
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• 2011

During the adolescent period, they experience rapid physical, emotional, cognitive developments while they establish their lifestyle and habitual routines that strongly influence adult health and life. Recent rapid economic growth in Korea, and the earlier onset of physical, sexual, and psychological maturation of adolescents, has resulted in changes in the health status of adolescents from many years ago. Risk-taking behaviors such as drinking alcohol, smoking, and sexual experiences are critical issues that affect the health of, adolescents. Therefore, it is important for pediatricians to note the that risk-taking behaviors of adolescents in Korea that are caused by individual psychosocial factors. This review article illustrates the current health status of Korean adolescents and provides an overview of risk-taking behaviors, to inform pediatricians about some of the key issues.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1979

The most common abnormal relationship between the great arteries and ventricle is transposition of great arteries, among which complete D-transposition is a common and lethal malformation. Without appropriate treatment, the infant born with transposition of the great arteries rarely survives the first year of life. In contrast to the grim hopelessness of only a few years ago, modern aggressive palliative and corrective surgical interventions can provide such infants with considerable hope for adolescent and adult life. Up until this time, intraatrial baffle technique for re-direction of venous return, which was proposed by Mustard originally, has been successfully applied to infants and children in many foreign clinics with decreasing trend of the operative risk. In this report, we present one case of a 4 year-old girl having complete D-transposition of the great arteries with atrial septal defect, and reviewed the relevant literatures.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2009

Tuberculosis is a disease with high morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Despite significant improvements in diagnostic methods, scientific researches and clinical trials for new regimens of treatment or prevention in adult tuberculosis, childhood tuberculosis has been relatively neglected. Children are at high risk of severe disease, and reactivation of latent infection in adulthood perpetuates the epidemic. Therefore, a policy of tuberculosis control in childhood should be emphasized to improve control in the total population. To understand the new view of childhood tuberculosis, this article describes changes in the disease's national epidemiology, new diagnostic tools and treatment strategies, and multi-drug resistance.