• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2007

Covariance components and genetic parameters of weekly live body weight from hatching to six weeks of age and age of sexual maturation were estimated in a laying type Japanese quail line. The univariate and bivariate animal model analysis included hatching group and sex as fixed effects. Each trait was analysed with animal as random effect to fit the additive direct effect. Additional random effects incorporated in the models were changed according to the trait examined. The best model for a trait was chosen based on a likelihood ratio test, comparing the models with and without maternal additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects. Heritability estimates of live-weight at hatch and one to six weeks of age with their standard errors were 0.22${\pm}$0.088, 0.39${\pm}$0.099, 0.31${\pm}$0.086, 0.38${\pm}$0.056, 0.46${\pm}$0.055, 0.50${\pm}$0.059, and 0.56${\pm}$0.062, respectively. Direct heritability value of age of sexual maturation was moderate (0.24${\pm}$0.055). The variances due to permanent environmental effect of dam after one week of age and maternal genetic effect after two weeks of age were not important sources of variation. The correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects were negative and ranged from high to moderate values (-0.21 to -0.83). Among the weekly live weights, genetic correlations were generally high between not only successive but also early and late weightings. It suggests that selection for final weight may be based on early weight records. Genetic correlations between age of sexual maturation and live weights were low, favourable but had high standard errors. These results indicate that selection for high weight will potentially result in lower age of sexual maturation only with accurate determination of breeding values.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.205-209
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• 1997

In a line X tester crossing programme (24 lines 2 testers) the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were analyzed for five economic characters in the bivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The results showed desired GCA effects in 934D1 (9500), 934B (9789) and 934A1 (9855) for cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae brushed by number. Likewise, the lines found to be superior based on GCA effects for other characters were as follows; 931D (14.040 Kgs), 935E (17.023 Kga.), 934D1 (15.643 Kgs.) and 934B (15.687 Kgs.) for cocoon yield by weight: 931D (1.717 g) and 930E (1.796 g) for single cocoon weight; 932B (0.330 g) for single shell weight: 931D (1.717 g) and 930e (1.796 g) for single cocoon weight; 932B (0.330 g) for single shell weight; 932B (18.7%), 933A (18.86%) and 935A (19.89%) for shell ratio. SCA effects showed the superiority of 932D$\times$KA (9822 cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae brushed by number); 932A$\times$NB4D2 (16.933 Kgs. cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae brushed by weight); 931C$\times$KA (1.911 g single cocoon weight); 934$\times$NB4D2 (0.371 g single shell weight and 21.0% shell ratio). The analysis indicated non-additive gene action for all the five characters.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the ensiling quality and in vitro rumen fermentation of sudangrass silage prepared with or without wilting. Methods: The ensiling experiment, measured with 3 replicates, was carried out according to a 2×4 (wilted stages×additives) factorial treatment structure. Dry matter of the fresh (210 g/kg fresh matter) or wilted (305 g/kg fresh matter) sudangrass were ensiled (packed into 5.0-L plastic jars) without additive (control) or with molasses (M), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or molasses + Lactobacillus plantarum (M+LP). After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed for the chemical, fermentation, and in vitro characteristics. Results: After 60 days of ensiling, the fermentation parameters were affected by wilted, the additives and the interactions of wilted with the additives (p<0.05). The M+LP treatment at wilted had higher lactic acid levels and V-score (p<0.05) but lower pH values and butyric acid concentrations than the other treatments. In comparison with sudangrass before ensiling, after ensiling had lower dry matter and higher non-fibrous carbohydrate. The in vitro gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility, in vitro crude protein digestibility, and in vitro acid fiber detergent digestibility changed under the effects of the additives. Significant interactions were observed between wilted and the additives in terms of in vitro gas production at 48 h, asymptotic gas production, gas production rate, half time, and the average gas production rate. The total volatile fatty acid levels in the additive treatments were higher than those in the control. Conclusion: Wilting and supplementation with molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum had the ability to improve the ensiling quality and in vitro nutrient digestibility of sudangrass silage. The M+LP treatment at wilted exhibited the strongest positive effects on silage quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.173-185
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• 2018

Effects of three different types of dispersions and flow improving additives composed with fatty acid esters, fatty acid metal salts and amide compound on the vulcanization and the mechanical properties properties of rubber compounds of EPDM and carbon black as fillers. were investigated using Mooney viscometer, moving die rheometer, hardness tester, and universal test machine. The aging characteristics of vulcanized EPDM compounds were also investigated. The Mooney viscosity measured at $125^{\circ}C$ showed a tendency to decrease in the order of amide type> metal salt type > ester type additive. Scorch time showed little or no difference with the addition of ester or metal salt type additives, but the amide type additive shortened a scorch time more than one minute. Rheological measurement data obtained at $160^{\circ}C$ showed that the vulcanization time was faster for metal salt type and amide type additive systems. Delta torque values of EPDM compound increased with metal salt type and amide type additives, but slightly decreased with ester type additive. The tensile strength of the EPDM compound was greatly improved when an ester type additive was added, but the amide type or metal salt type additive had no significant effect. The elongation was significantly improved for metal salt type additive, while the rest were not significantly affected. The tear strength of the EPDM compounds increased with the addition of all kinds of additives, and it increased remarkably in the case of metal salt type additive. Hardness of the EPDM compounds was nearly same value regardless of additive types. The thermal aging of the EPDM blend at $100^{\circ}C$ for 24 h showed little change in the case of metal salt type or amide type additive, but the elongation tends to decrease by 10-20% for all EPDM compounds containing additives.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.624-630
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• 2001

Two experiments on the effects of molasses additive on cassava tops silage quality to its feed intake and digestibility by growing Holstein$\times$local crossbred heifers were carried out. Sixteen plastic bags of one meter diameter and two meters length were allocated in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with four replicates in the ensiling study, with and without the molasses additive and with two storage times (2 and 3 months). The silage produced in the first experiment was used in the feed intake and digestibility study. Six crossbred Holstein heifers, 160-180 kg live weight, were randomly allocated in a $3{\times}2$ change-over design to three treatments: Guinea grass ad libitum, 70% of grass ad libitum with a supplement of non-molasses cassava silage ad libitum, and 70% of grass ad libitum with a supplement of molasses cassava silage ad libitum. Ensiling was shown to be a satisfactory method for preservation of cassava tops. The HCN content was significantly reduced from $840mg\;kg^{-1}$ to 300 or $130mg\;kg^{-1}$, depending on storage period. The tannin content was not significantly changed. Molasses additive resulted in lower pH, Crude Protein (CP), NDF and higher DM content but did not otherwise affect chemical composition. The voluntary feed intake per 100 kg live weight of the heifers was 2.59, 2.65 and 2.91 kg DM of Guinea grass, non-molasses cassava tops silage and molasses cassava tops silage diet, respectively. Crude protein intake was significantly improved in the cassava tops silage diets. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF decreased with the silage supplement diets. No significant difference in digestibility was found between the non-molasses and molasses silage diets. The digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF in non-molasses cassava tops silage and molasses cassava tops silage was 49.4, 52.1, 45.81, 36.6, 27.7 and 49.7, 51.9, 47.55, 28.1, 19.5, respectively. It is concluded that cassava tops can be preserved successfully by ensiling and that cassava tops silage is a good feed resource for cattle.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.569-586
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• 2017

We inoculated a spent mushroom substrate from Flammulina velutipes (SMSF) with a microbial additive and assessed the effects on chemical composition, ruminal fermentation parameters, and total-tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, three cannulated Hanwoo steers were used in an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). In Exp. 2, three Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to experimental diets according to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square for a 3-week period (2 weeks for adaptation and 1 week for sample collection). Experimental diets included the control diet (3.75 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw), SMSF diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d SMSF), and inoculated SMSF (ISMSF) diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d ISMSF). The chemical composition of ISMSF did not differ from that of SMSF. Microbial additive inoculation decreased pH (P<0.05) and improved preservation for SMSF. The percentages of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in ISMSF were slightly lesser than those in SMSF. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. Overall, microbial additive inoculation improved preservation for SMSF and may allow improved digestion in the rumen; however, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of SMSF and ISMSF diets were slightly lesser than the control diet. The ISMSF can be used as an alternative feedstuff to partially replace formulated concentrate feed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.642-650
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• 2006

As an effective non-pharmacological method of pain relief, hydrotherapy was widely used. And bath additive has been used for enhancing the efficacy of hydrotherapy, In the present study, as a bath additive, the analgesic activity of HAC, which composed of Corydalis turtschaninovii, Atractylodes japonica, and Harpagophytum procumbens(HAC), was investigated in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VIPAG), lateral PAG (IPAG), central nuclei of amygdala (CeA), and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in mice, using writhing test and immunohistochemistry for c-Fos. Male C57BU6 mice weighing $25{\;}{\pm}{\;}2g$ (8 weeks of age) were used for this experiment. The animals were divided into five groups: the control group, the acetic acid treatment group, the acetic acid treatment and 0.01 g/L HAC-immersed group, the acetic acid treatment and 0.1 g/L HAC-immersed group, and the acetic acid treatment and 1.0 g/L HAC-immersed group. To induce somato-visceral pain in the experimental animals, a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of acetic acid was administrated to each animal, and the animals of the control group received injections of equivalent doses of normal saline. The animals of the HAC-immersed groups were immersed the water with HAC powder at the respective doses deep enough to cover the mice body, and those of the control group and the acetic acid treatment group immersed the water without HAC powder at 10 min immediately after the acetic acid injection. Our present study has shown that the HAC reduced the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions and the acetic acid-Induced increase of numbers of c-Fos-positive cells in the VIPAG, IPAG, PVN, and CeA. The most potent analgesic effect appeared with the treatment of 1.0 g/L KB-immersed group. Based on our present results, it is very possible that HAC can be a potent therapeutic bath additive for alleviating pain without the fear of addiction to the drugs and side-effects associated with the prescription of multiple analgesic drugs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.505-511
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• 2010

Thirty six Hanwoo steers (average BW, $564.5\;{\pm}\;25.7\;kg$; average age, approximately 23 months) were used to evaluate the effects of a mixture of eugenol (14%), thymol (1%) and malate (85%) on growth performance, beef quality and liver function in Hanwoo finishing steers fed a high-concentrate diet. A feeding trial was conducted for 7 months in National Agricultural Cooperative Federation farm located in Anseong, Korea. Steers were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: control (without additive supplementation), treatment 1 (0.05% additive of concentrate), treatment 2 (0.1% additive of concentrate). The results of this study showed that initial and final BW averaged 564 and 755 kg, respectively, and BW gain was significantly higher (P<0.05) for steers fed the additive mixture than for those fed no mixture (0.78 and 0.79 vs. 0.69 kg/d, respectively). Serum aspartate aminotransferase in the T2 treatment was decreased during the 24 to 31 months of age. Although supplementation of additives resulted in no substantial effect on carcass characteristics, it had a potential effect to improve feed efficiency and AST concentration in Hanwoo finishing steers fed a high-concentrate diet. In conclusion, a mixture of eugenol, thymol and malate has shown promise in improving feed efficiency and liver function in the finishing phase of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.981-989
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• 1992

This is a study on the effects of cristobalite transition of quartz in semi-vitrious whiteware body, as addition of alkali and alkali earth oxides, prepared by pottery stone, feldspar, kaolin and clay minerals. The amounts of ${\alpha}$-quartz to ${\alpha}$-cristobalite transition, F.O.C. (fraction of cristobalite), were increased with firing temperature. In MgO added body, ${\alpha}$-quartz was decreased and the formation of cristobalite was increased. Effects of K2O addition was remarkably decreased the formation of cristobalite. Additive effects of MgO and K2O were confirmed that it was very different to variation of transition temperature of metakaolinite to Si-Al spinel structure in thermal reaction of kaolinite minerals. Result CaO addition was ineffective to transition temperature, and the transition temperature in Na2O added body was decreased, but relative intensity of quartz and cristobalite crystal in XRD results was decreased. This was characterized by the effects on the formation of liquid phase much more.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.281-286
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• 2005

To understand fundamental characteristics of combustion in a small scale device, the effects of the momentum and heat loss on the stability of laminar premixed flames in a narrow channel are investigated by two-dimensional high-fidelity numerical simulation. A general finding is that momentum loss promotes the Saffman-Taylor (S-T) instability which is additive to the Darrieus-Landau (D-L) instabilities, while the heat loss effects result in an enhancement of the diffusive-thermal (D-T) instability. These effects are also valid in nonlinear behavior of the premixed flame. The simulations of multiple cell interactions are also conducted with heat and momentum loss effects.