• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권sup권
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2004

유자 착즙액과 동결시킨 착즙액의 첨가 비율을 달리한 아이스크림을 제조하여 관능적 특성 및 영양성분을 분석하였다. 비타민 C는 대조군과 동결 유자즙 1%를 첨가한 경우 검출되지 않았으며 생 유자즙을 3% 첨가한 경우 4.7 mg/100g 이었으나 동결 유자즙 3%첨가군 1 mg/100g으로 그 함량이 월등히 낮았다. 유리당은 sucrose, lactose 및 maltose가 검출되었으며 전 실험군에서 대조군에 비해 그 함량이 낮았으며 유자즙의 첨가비율이 높을수록 유리당의 함량은 낮았다. 유자 아이스크림 중의 유기산은 oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid 및 citric acid가 검출되었으며 citric acid의 함량이 가장 높았다. 생유자즙을 이용한 아이스크림에서 citric acid는 즙의 첨가비율과 비례적으로 증가하여 3% 첨가군의 경우 6.3 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었다. 그러나 동결유자즙을 첨가한 실험군에서는 첨가비율에 관계없이 0.5-0.6 mg/100g으로 낮은 함량이었다. 아이스크림중의 무기물은 동결하지 않은 유자즙을 3% 첨가한 군에서 3399.96 mg/100g으로 가장 높았고, 인, 칼슘 및 나트륨의 순서로 그 함량이 높았다. 관능검사 결과 유자향과 유자맛은 동결하지 않은 유자즙을 3% 첨가하였을 때 가장 많이 느낄 수 있었으나 떫은 맛과 신맛도 상대적으로 높게 나타나 전체적인 기호도에서는 동결 유자즙 2% 첨가군이 가장 좋았다. 영양학적 특성과 관능적 특성 모두를 고려할 때 동결하지 않은 유자즙 3% 첨가군이 가장 우수하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.777-784
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• 2013

건조 쌀 중량 기준으로 팥 5%, 10%, 15%를 첨가하여 팥 막걸리를 제조하였고 이들의 품질특성과 기호도를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 막걸리의 품질을 평가하는 항목인 산도, 알코올 함량, 환원당, 효모계수에서 대조군을 포함한 모든 실험구에서 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면, 플라보노이드 함량은 팥 첨가 함량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였고(p<0.05) 항산화 활성(DPPH)은 팥 10% 첨가구가 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 관능평가 결과, 팥 10% 첨가구는 향미(Flavor), 단맛(Sweetness), 신맛(Sourness), 쓴맛(Bitterness)과 전체적인 기호도(Overall acceptance)에서 대조군과 유의적인 차이가 없었고(p<0.05) 대조군과 같이 높은 점수를 받았다. 이러한 결과로 보아 막걸리의 항산화 활성이 가장 높으며 관능평가 결과에서 높은 점수를 받은 팥 10%를 첨가하여 제조한 막걸리가 가장 적합하다고 판단된다. 플라보노이드 등 기능성 물질을 다량 함유하고 있는 팥을 첨가하여 막걸리를 제조함으로서 막걸리의 기능성과 관능적인 측면을 향상시켜 전통주 시장에서의 경쟁력을 가질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.188-196
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• 2016

Purpose: In order to develop soy sauce and increase its functionality, by adding black garlic extract. Methods: We compared quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of 20 days aging black garlic soy sauce from mixed manufacturers with raw soy sauce (commercial fermented soy sauce) and different ratio of black garlic extract (65 Brix, 0.3-5.0%). Results: The salt content of the black garlic extract (0.3-5.0%) added soy sauce were 12.35-12.77%. The pH was lowered to 4.99, and acidity was increased to 2.12%, depending on the increase in black garlic extract added ratio. The crude protein and total nitrogen contents were 6.23-6.62% and 1.10-1.16%, respectively, and content of amino form nitrogen was 0.52-0.53%, without significant differences between experimental groups. Contents of reducing sugar and free sugars (fructose and glucose) tended to be higher with higher mixing ratios of black garlic extract. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents were significantly increased in the 3% and 5% black garlic extract addition group. At concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1,000 and $2,000{\mu}g/mL$, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the polysaccharides isolated from control soy sauce and 5% black garlic extract added soy sauce showed higher correlation with their concentration. Conclusion: These results, confirmed that the soy sauce produced by adding more than 3% of black garlic extract has high antioxidant activity.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.31-34
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• 1975

The testing materials which kept perilla frutescens' leaves frezen are divided into four parts, 1. freezing green leaves, 2. glucose added to the leaves dried in the sun, 3. glucose unadded to the leaves dried in the sun and 4. the leaves dried in the immediately after collecting sample. The perilla frutescens' leaves are treated with the artificial digestion test to investigate the effects of the digestibility of ingredients and of protein. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The digestibility of crude protein of sample using the common leaves dried in the sun immediately after collecting sample was presented highest at 83.15%, the freezing green leaves at 68.35%, glucose added to the leaves dried in the sun at 64.25% and glucose unadded to the leaves dried in the sun at 62.12%. The digestibility of perilla frutescens' by freezing green leaves, glucose added or glucose unadded to the leaves dried in the sun is on the decrease without difference. 2. It was suggested that glucose and reductive sugars to perilla frutescens' leaves is not affected by the decreased digestibility of protein, dince the digestibility of glucose added to the leaves dried in the sun and glucose unadded to the leaves dried in the sun almost never makes a difference. 3. The digestibility of freezing the green leaves for six months was quite different from the leaves that were dried in the sun immediately after collecting sample, in that the leaves that were frozen for six months were decreased 1/5 quantity of the shole crude protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.705-711
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• 2004

Growth promoters were added to skim milk to retain the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum to help the product meet the "therapeutic minimum" at the time of consumption. The experiments were divided into two parts. The first part of the study used chicory inulin, isomalto-oligosaccharides and sucrose to investigate the effects of sugars on the activity of L. acidophilus and B. longum. The results indicated that the addition of isomalto-oligosaccharides stimulated growth of L. acidophilus and B. longum, resulting in a higher level of the probiotics after one month storage and yielded better $\beta$-galactosidase activity during fermentation. The second part studied the effects of three growth promoters on the viability of the probiotic cultures and the response surface method was employed to find the optimal ratio for addition of the growth promoters. The optimal ratio for added calcium gluconate, sodium gluconate and N-acetylglucosamine in fermented milk drinks were established. The response surface method proved to be a very effective way of optimizing the activity of probiotic cultures when developing a new fermented milk drink.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 1994

Anthocyanins were isolated and identified from grape peels which were wasted much in Korea, and their characteristics were as follows .Isolated pigments from grape peels were 11 varieties such as 5 varieties of 3, 5-diglucoside (DG), 6 varieties of 3-monoglucoside (MG), and acylated pigment was 2 varieties of them. Malvidin was 4 varieties , petunidin , peonidin and delphinidin 2 varieties in each, and cyanidin 1 variety of 11 vareities. Malvidin -3, 5-diglucoside and peonidin -3, 5-diglucoside of anthocyanins were above 48% in total anthocyanins content of 114.99mg/g in dried skins. Breakdown of anthocyanins was higher become intimate neutral pH, but stable to stroage period for 7-days. Hyperchromic effects were showed when sugars were added in pigment extract of grape peels, the highest value was glucose and the next ordor was fructose and sucrose. Breakdown velosity of anthocyanins was higher when ascorbic acid was added, but its velocity was reduced in anaerobic state . Absorption degree by organic acid treatment was higher than control, and anthocyanins were stable to storage period for 7 days.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.590-596
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• 2005

대추 추출액 첨가시 제빵적성에 요구되는 반죽의 이화학적 특성 변화를 조사하였다. 대추 추출액의 수분은 92.5%, 단백질 0.50%, 회분 0.37%였고 pH는 4.65로 나타났다. 대추 추출액의 유리당은 sucrose가 4,340mg%로 가장 많았고 fructose, glucose 순으로 나타났다. 반죽의 물리적특성 중 farinogram에서는 대추 추출액 첨가량 증가에 따라 흡수율은 증가하였고 반죽형성시간과 안정도는 짧아졌으며 약화도는 커지는 경향을 보였다. Extensogram의 발효특성은 대추 추출액의 증가에 따라 신장도는 짧아졌고 저항도는 증가하였으며 Resistance/Extensibility값은 증가하였다. Amylogram의 호화특성은 대추 추출액 첨가량이 증가할수록 호화개시온도는 큰 차이가 없었고 최고점도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.1359-1365
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 보당의 종류에 따른 참외의 알코올발효에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 보당 종류에 따른 pH의 변화는 보당 종류 및 발효기간에 따른 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총산도는 발효가 진행될수록 모두 증가하는 경향으로 나타났으며 발효 9일째 약 1.4%로 나타났다. 당도는 초기 $22^{\circ}Brix$에서 설탕, 과당 및 포도당 보당 참외 알코올발효액에서는 $6.6{\sim}6.8^{\circ}Brix$로 비슷하였으나 꿀과 프락토올리고당 보당 참외 알코올발효액에서는 발효 9일째 $8.1^{\circ}Brix$로 조금 높게 나타났다. 유리당 함량은 보당 종류에 따라 sucrose, fructose 및 glucose의 초기 함량차이를 보였지만 발효가 진행될수록 감소하여 발효 9일째 대부분 검출되지 않았다. 유기산은 모든 구간에서 lactic 및 acetic acid가 검출되었으며 발효기간이 경과됨에 따라 lactic 및 acetic acid의 함량이 조금씩 증가하였다. 알코올 함량은 설탕 보당 참외 알코올발효액에서 12.80%로 가장 높았으며 과당과 올리고당에서는 비교적 낮은 경향으로 나타났다. 알코올 성분 중 acetaldehyde, n-propanol 및 iso-amylalcohol 함량은 보당종류에 따른 큰 차이는 없었으며, methanol의 함량은 과당에서 84.99 ppm으로 가장 낮게 나타났다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 난백분말과 카제인에 당(포도당, 과당, 유당)을 첨가하고 젖산균(Lactobacillus)으로 발효 시키면서 첨가된 당이 젖산균의 산생성과 생육, 요구르트의 관능성 및 휘발성 향기 성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 난백분말 2%(W/V)와 카제인 3%(W/V)에 당 0.5, 1 또는 2% (W/V)를 첨가하고 L. acidophilus로 발효하여 만든 시료에서 젖산균의 산생성은 우유 시료(대조군)보다 낮았으며, 포도당과 과당은 1%와 2% 가 0.5%보다 생산성이 높았으나, 유당은 당 농도에 의 하여 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편 L. acidophilus의 생균수는 우유 시료가 24시간 발효 후에 3.6$\times$$10^{9}$인데 비하여, 2%(W/V) 포도당 또는 과당을 첨가한 시료는 5.6-6.0X$10^{8}$으로 낮았으며, 유당 첨가 시료는 3.2$\times$$10^{7}$ 으로 가장 낮았다. 우유 시료와 당 첨가 시료를 L.acidophilus로 30시간 발효시키면서 산생성과 생육을 관찰했을 때, 전 실험 시간에 걸쳐서 우유 시료의 산생성과 생균수가 높았다. 관능검사의 결과(L. acido-philus 16.5hr.발효)를 보면 우유 시료(표준시료)보다 과당 첨가 시료는 다소 우수하였으나, 유당 첨가 시료는 현저하게 저조하였다. L. acidophilus는 시료에 따라서 다소 차이는 있으나 발효 과정에 acetone, ethanol, diacetyl, acetoin을 생성하였다.