• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.2139-2151
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• 2014

Embedded system testing, especially long-term reliability testing, of flash memory solutions such as embedded multi-media card, secure digital card and solid-state drive involves strategic decision making related to test sample size to achieve high test coverage. The test sample size is the number of flash memory devices used in a test. Earlier, there were physical limitations on the testing period and the number of test devices that could be used. Hence, decisions regarding the sample size depended on the experience of human testers owing to the absence of well-defined standards. Moreover, a lack of understanding of the importance of the sample size resulted in field defects due to unexpected user scenarios. In worst cases, users finally detected these defects after several years. In this paper, we propose that a large number of potential field defects can be detected if an adequately large test sample size is used to target weak features during long-term reliability testing of flash memory solutions. In general, a larger test sample size yields better results. However, owing to the limited availability of physical resources, there is a limit on the test sample size that can be used. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a self-adaptive reliability testing scheme to decide the sample size for effective long-term reliability testing.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2016

Ship ad-hoc network (SANET) extends the coverage of the maritime communication among ships with the reduced cost. To fulfill the growing demands of real-time services, the SANET requires an efficient clock time synchronization algorithm which has not been carefully investigated under the ad-hoc maritime environment. This is mainly because the conventional algorithms only suggest to decrease the beacon collision probability that diminishes the clock drift among the units. However, the SANET is a very large-scale network in terms of geographic scope, e.g., with 100 km coverage. The key factor to affect the synchronization performance is the signal propagation delay, which has not being carefully considered in the existing algorithms. Therefore, it requires a robust multi-hop synchronization algorithm to support the communication among hundreds of the ships under the maritime environment. The proposed algorithm has to face and overcome several challenges, i.e., physical clock, e.g., coordinated universal time (UTC)/global positioning system (GPS) unavailable due to the atrocious weather, network link stability, and large propagation delay in the SANET. In this paper, we propose a logical clock synchronization algorithm with multi-hop function for the SANET, namely multi-hop clock synchronization for SANET (MCSS). It works in an ad-hoc manner in case of no UTC/GPS being available, and the multi-hop function makes sure the link stability of the network. For the proposed MCSS, the synchronization time reference nodes (STRNs) are efficiently selected by considering the propagation delay, and the beacon collision can be decreased by the combination of adaptive timing synchronization procedure (ATSP) with the proposed STRN selection procedure. Based on the simulation results, we finalize the multi-hop frame structure of the SANET by considering the clock synchronization, where the physical layer parameters are contrived to meet the requirements of target applications.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권5A호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 High Speed Data Packet Access(HSDPA) 시스템의 평균 sector throughput 분석 방법을 개발하였다. 제안하는 성능 분석 방법은 Adaptive Modulation and Coding(AMC)와 scheduling 기법, multi-code 전송의 영향을 반영할 수 있으며, link budget을 응용한 간단한 계산 과정들을 통해, HSDPA의 성능을 분석할 수 있다. 일반적으로, link budget은 셀 coverage를 산출하는 목적으로 사용되었으나, 본 논문에서는 AMC가 적용되는 CDMA 시스템 환경에서 특정 위치에 있는 사용자의 C/I를 계산할 수 있도록 변형하였다. 또한, 개발된 분석 방법을 활용하여, scheduling 기법과 multi-code 전송이 HSDPA 시스템 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.1951-1972
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• 2018

Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) optimization approaches are used in indoor positioning systems for signal coverage enhancement, as well as positioning precision improvement. Although the huge power consumption of the AP optimization forms a serious problem due to the signal coverage requirement for large-scale indoor environment, the conventional approaches treat the problem of power consumption independent from the design of indoor positioning systems. This paper proposes a new Fast Water-filling algorithm Group Power Constraint (FWA-GPC) based Wi-Fi AP optimization approach for indoor positioning in which the power consumed by the AP optimization is significantly considered. This paper has three contributions. First, it is not restricted to conventional concept of one AP for one candidate AP location, but considered spare APs once the active APs break off. Second, it utilizes the concept of water-filling model from adaptive channel power allocation to calculate the number of APs for each candidate AP location by maximizing the location fingerprint discrimination. Third, it uses a fast version, namely Fast Water-filling algorithm, to search for the optimal solution efficiently. The experimental results conducted in two typical indoor Wi-Fi environments prove that the proposed FWA-GPC performs better than the conventional AP optimization approaches.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.394-400
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• 2018

이종 네트워크 기술은 5G 핵심 기술 중 하나로, 하나의 셀을 여러 개의 소형셀로 나눠서 운영하는 기술이다. 하나의 셀을 여러 개의 셀로 나눠서 운영하는 것은 필연적으로 셀 경계 지역을 증가시키게 되기 때문에, 셀간 간섭의 영향이 더욱 커지게 된다. 이를 해결하기 위해서는 셀간 서로 다른 주파수를 할당하여 간섭을 원천적으로 봉쇄하는 것이 좋으나, 이 경우는 스펙트럼 효율이 떨어지게 된다. 따라서, 이종 네트워크의 장점을 최대화하기 위해서는 스펙트럼 공유시 스펙트럼 효율 증가로 인한 성능 이득과 간섭으로 인한 성능 손해를 상호 고려한 시스템 성능 분석이 우선되어야 한다. 또한, 적응 변조 기법은 채널 상황에 맞추어, 전송량을 조정하는 기법으로, 대부분의 상용 통신 시스템의 표준으로 채택되어 적용되고 있다. 따라서, 성능 분석을 실제 시스템에 적용하기 위해서는 적응 변조가 고려되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 적응 변조 기법을 사용하는 이종 네트워크 시스템에서 주파수 공유에 따른 스펙트럼 효율과 간섭을 고려하여, 전체 시스템 데이터 전송률을 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 몬테카를로 모의 실험을 통해 정확성을 입증하였다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.223-234
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• 2008

Mobile multi-hop relaying (MMR) technology is being considered as a promising solution capable to enhance coverage, user throughput, and system capacity of the current wired backbone dependent wireless access networks. Since the relaying nodes do not need a wired backbone access, MMR technology offers easy and low-cost deployment, flexible cell planning, and adaptive traffic handling performance. In this paper, we investigate performance and cost effectiveness of the MMR technology deployment in the IEEE802.16j based WiBro/WiMAX systems. We first introduce standardization activities and research issues of MMR WiBro/ WiMAX systems. Since the coverage extension problem may occur in metropolitan areas as well as suburban or rural areas where user density is relatively low or moderate, we introduce several MMR topologies and analyze cost-effectiveness of MMR based coverage extension with respect to the user traffic density. Then, we argue cost effect on MMR technology deployment and throughput performance, Finally, we introduce further study issues including sectorized base station based MMR deployment approaches and the single and multi-frame structure MMR approaches.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 국내 DGPS 기준국 서비스 영역에서의 수신 전력의 안정도를 측정하고 변화율을 분석한다. 동절기와 하절기의 전력 측정과 주야간의 시간적 변화에 대한 DGPS 전파전파 영향을 측정 분석하여 안정된 DGPS 서비스 영역을 확보하기 위한 방안을 살펴본다. 내륙 DGPS 기준국과 해안 DGPS 기준국으로부터 일정 거리를 갖는 동일 지점에서 동절기와 하절기 그리고 낮과 밤의 전파 전파 특성을 일정시간별로 측정한다. DGPS 전파는 대지 도전율에 영향을 받으므로 대지 도전율의 시간적 변화율에 따라 수신되는 전파의 세기는 다르게 나타나며, 서비스 영역의 변화를 가져온다. 안정된 서비스 영역의 운영을 위해서는 적응형 전력 조절과 전리층의 영향을 고려한 안테나 설계가 필요할 수 있다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.624-633
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• 2018

멀티미디어 강의시스템은 첨단 기술로 스마트해지고 있지만 마이크는 손에 들거나 신체에 부착하는 고전 방식에 여전히 의존하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 천정 부착형 배열 마이크를 제안하여 넓은 범위를 지원하면서 화자가 아무 장비를 착용하지 않고 자유롭게 이동이 가능함을 보였다. 제안된 시스템은 복잡한 빔 포밍 방식 대신에 이동통신의 셀(Cell)과 핸드 오버(Handover)를 적용하여 셀 간에 연속되는 마이크를 저가로 구현하였다. 음성에서 무성음 구간이 의사잡음(Pseudo Noise)과 유사한 특징을 이용하여 3개의 마이크에 지연-합의 다중경로 수신기를 연결하여 소프트 핸드오버를 제공하였다. 제안된 마이크 시스템은 강단 범위인 $6.3{\times}1.5m$ 영역에서 동작을 검증하였다. 실시간 처리를 위하여 상관기(Correlator)의 연산 범위를 82% 이상 줄였으며 출력 지연은 지연 적응 필터로 개선하였다.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2018

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are composed of a large number of sensor nodes. Battery-powered sensor nodes have limited coverage; therefore, it is more efficient to transmit data via multi-hop communication. The network lifetime is a crucial issue in WSNs and the multi-hop routing protocol should be designed to prolong the network lifetime. Prolonging the network lifetime can be achieved by minimizing the power consumed by the nodes, as well as by balancing the power consumption among the nodes. A power imbalance can reduce the network lifetime even if several nodes have sufficient (battery) power. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol that prolongs the network lifetime by balancing the power consumption among the nodes. To improve the balance of power consumption and improve the network lifetime, the proposed routing scheme adaptively controls the transmission range using a power control according to the residual power in the nodes. We developed a routing simulator to evaluate the performance of the proposed routing protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed routing scheme increases power balancing and improves the network lifetime.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.2027-2046
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• 2024

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is an innovative technique to precisely control the phase of incident signals with the help of low-cost passive reflective elements. It shows excellent potential in the sixth generation of mobile communication systems, which not only extends wireless coverage but also boosts channel capacity. Considering that multipath propagation and a high number of antennas are involved in RIS in assisted mega multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, it suffers from severe channel fading and multipath effects, which in turn lead to signal instability and degradation of transmission performance. To overcome this obstacle, this essay suggests an improved gradient optimization algorithm to dynamically and optimally adjust the phase of the reflective elements to counteract channel fading and multipath effects as a strategy. In order to overcome the optimization problem of falling into local minima, this paper proposes an adaptive learning rate algorithm based on Adagrad improvement, which searches for the global optimal solution more efficiently and improves the robustness of the optimization algorithm. The suggested technique helps to enhance the estimate of channel efficiency of RIS-assisted large MIMO systems, according to simulation results.