• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2009

Total scatter factor ($S_{cp}$), head scatter factor ($S_c$) and phantom scatter factor ($S_p$) are very important for accurate radiation therapy at stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with irregular field shape using micro-MLC and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) including many small field sizes. In this study we measured and compared $S_{cp}$ with reference ion chamber, pinpoint chamber and diode detector and adapted the resuls form diode detector. Head scatter factors for small field sizes were also measured with diode detector covered 1.5 cm-thick solid water build-up cap. Some errors like as electron contamination of 1~3% were included in the values of Sc but trend of total results of $S_c$ was coincided with basic theory. Phantom scatter factors for small field sizes were calculated form $S_{cp}$ and $S_c$. The results of $S_p$ were compared and were well-agreed with those of other authors.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-155
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• 2013

Purpose : This study was aim to evaluate effects of pharmacodynamics and toxicity in combination therapy of donepezil with Gongjindan. The effects of Gongjindan co-administration on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of donepezil were observed after single and 7-day repeated oral co-administration with 1.5hr-intervals, to evaluate synergic pharmacodynamics and reduce toxicity of combination therapy of donepezil with Gongjindan. Materials and Methods : After 10mg/kg of donepezil treatment, Gongjindan100mg/kg was administered with 1.5hr-intervals. The plasma were collected at 30min before administration, 30min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24hrs after end of first and last 7th donepezil treatment, and plasma concentrations of donepezil were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods. Results : Gongjindan markedly inhibited the absorption of donepezilregardless of sample time, from 30min to 8hrs after end of first 1.5hr-interval co-administration as compared with donepezil single treated rats. Especially the absorption of donepezil was significantly decreased at 2, 4, 6 and 8hrs after co-administration as compared with donepezilsingle treated rats. Accordingly, the Cmax (-26.236%), $AUC_{0-t}$(-26.02%) and $AUC_{0-inf}$(-25.90%) of donepezil in 1.5hr-interval co-administered rats were dramatically decreased as compared with donepezilsingle treated rats, respectively. However, no meaningful changes on the plasma donepezil concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were detected after end of last 7th 1.5hr-interval co-administration as compared with donerezil single treated rats, except for non-significant slight increases of Tmax(16.67%) detected in co-administered rats as compared with donepezil single treated rats. Conclusion : These findings are considered as direct evidences that Gongjindan also decreased oral bioavailability of donerezil as inhibited the absorptions, when they were co-administered with 1.5hr-intervals, but they may be adapted after 7 days continuous repeated l.5hr-interval co-administration.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.186-190
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses and toxicities of risk-adapted chemotherapy in pediatric intracranial germ cell tumors(IC-GCT). Methods : Fourteen patients who were diagnosed as IC-GCT from October 2002 to December 2003 received chemotherapy as an initial treatment modality. The low risk(LR) group was defined as follows : Pure germinoma and normal AFP level. Beta-hCG level 50 mIU/mL or less. The others belonged to the high risk(HR) group. Chemotherapy was composed of cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide and vincristine. Double doses of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide was used in HR patients. Results : Pathologic confirmation was done in all but one. Median age at diagnosis was 11.6 yr (1.2-18.7 yr), and nine patients belonged to the HR group. Tumor markers were normalized after chemotherapy in all patients whose tumor markers had been elevated. Four LR patients(80 percent) and seven HR patients(77.8 percent) showed complete response(CR) at the end of chemotherapy. An additional two of the three patients with partial response(PR) achieved CR after radiation therapy (RT), and the remaining one relapsed before RT. Four LR and all HR patients experienced infectious episodes that required hospitalization. Four of the nine HR patients(44.4 percent) suffered from tinnitus, three of whom developed sensorineural hearing loss. All but one are surviving, event-free, with a median follow-up of 13.9 mo(8.1-22.3 mo). Conclusion : Risk-adapted cisplatin-based chemotherapy was effective even in HR patients, but regimen modification seems to be necessary to avoid an unacceptably high toxicity rate.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-17
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• 1995

The so-called borderline children are characterised by disturbances in the sense of reality and interpersonal relationships, lack of control, fluctuation of functioning, uneven development and excessive anxiety. But the concept of borderline disorder of childhood is very difficult to define and diagnose in current classification system. The present study adapted the consensus symptoms in borderline children by Bemporad and Vera eight cases aged 7-11 were examined in 37 variables. Results are as follows 1) All subjects are boys and girl hardly be diagnosis n current diagnostic system and have many concurrent diagnoses. Common chief complaints in the sense of reality. 2) In KEDI-WISC test, the borderline children showed average intelligence, but performance IQ tends to be higher than verbal IQ. In Rorscharch test, they showed high thought disorder index, emotional instabilities and aggressive impulses. The results of TOVA suggested attentional deficit in half of the subjects. The organicity is not prominent. 3) Many of the borderline children were unwanted baby. Although primary care takers of all the subjects were their mothers there were moderate problems in caring attitude of their children and marital relationship with their husband. Sccioeconomic status was generally below middle class. Most of all subjects have delayed language development, but have overcome subsequently. Many subjects were rejected by peers because of their aggression. 4) The first visit of the subjects was about 6 years of age. Average duration of treatment was 2 years. All of them were treated in the outpatient basis except one. The effect of pharmacotherapy was doubtful and the necessity of long term play therapy was suggested. Although there were many limitations of method in present study, it was suggested that further research is needed for diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.873-876
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• 2016

Background: Studies of quality of life (QoL) of oncological patients is carried out using questionnaires approved in many international clinical studies. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC QLQ-C30 (Quality of Life Questionnary-Core 30) and its special brain cancer module EORTC QLQ-BN20 are widely used in the world neurooncologic practice. They are available in more than 80 official versions of 30 languages of the world. Previously we used the official versions in Russian, which often causes difficulty in understanding for native Kazakh language speakers, who comprise more than 60% of our respondents. This was the reason for creating a version of Kazakh language. Therefore, in 2014 for the first time the process of adaptation of questionnaires to the Kazakh language was initiated. Materials and Methods: The translation process of questionnaires to Kazakh language was held in accordance with the requirements of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC on QoL and consisted of the following stages: preparation - translation - pilot testing - approval. The official permission of authors and "Guideline on translation" was obtained which was developed by the working group of the EORTC on QoL. The pilot testing of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BN20 questionnaires was conducted on the basis of the Department of Central Nervous System Pathology of the "National Centre for Neurosurgery" in patients with malignant tumors of the central nervous system. Results: The official versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BN20 questionnaires in Kazakh language were introduced and adapted in practical neurosurgical operations in Kazakhstan. Conclusions: The approved versions of the questionnaires in Kazakh language are now available for mainstream use on the official website EORTC.com. The versions of these questionnaires can be used in domestic cohort studies and clinical practice in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The use of these tools for assessing QoL will help professionals in the planning of individual treatment strategies and selection of the necessary therapy.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.3
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• pp.86-97
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• 1996

The traditonal inpatient acute hospital setting is organized primarily for the intensive management of disease, but not well-suited for continuity of care for the chronically ill patients after being discharged from hospital. For the planning of the continuity of care, firstly, it is necessary to assess the home care needs of the discharged pateints in the context of the nursing diagnosis. Therefore, this study is designed to identify the home nursing care need trajectory of the patients with chronic illness after discharged from one of the the General Hospitals in Seoul, Korea. The subjects are the patients with chronic illness such as stroke, musculoskeletal disease, hypertension, cancer etc., in average age of 52. 2 years old. The findings of this study are as follows : 1) The limitaion of ADL has been constantly facing to the subjects and has not been changed 4 weeks after being discharged. And the sense of with-drawal was getting worse at 4th weeks than the 1st week after being discharged. 2) The lists of the patient's problems are the impairment of mobility, elimination pattern, inactivity, impairment of skin integrity, ineffective airway clearance, and potential anxiety, self concept deficit, ineffective family coing, etc. Those problems were diminished in quantity at the first week after discharged, but at the 4th week, those problems were getting worse. 3) The need of specialized nursing care such as tube feeding, ostomy care, $O_2$ inhalation, IV therapy, teaching and exercise are considered as the most consisting problems facing to the subjects. 4) In general, the chronically ill patients and their caregivers have not been adapted well even at the 4th weeks after being discharged. 5) Considering those findings, the basic care for patients should be given and the trainging for process of the adaptation after discharged should be encouraged prior being discharged from hostital. For this suggestion, the systematic discharge planning should be carried and the hospital based home nursing model should be implemented at the general hospital for the chronically ill patients.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 1999

The purpose of this experiment was to know the healing effects of saualene on the burned mouses. The experimental groups were divided into seven groups: the control group, the burned groups, and 50 treated groups after burned. All groups except the control group burned with second degree on a dorsoanterior part. All groups that treated with 50 adapted three drops of pure squalene at 10 seconds interval; one time a day. The histological and ultrastructural changes during 10 days after burned were observed by light and electron microscope. Under the light microscope, all parts of epidermal layer of the burned groups were wounded deeper than the 50 treated groups. At 6 and 10 days groups with 50 treated, especially 10 days, the basal layer was greatly differentiated, and the prickle cells in the spinous layer were greatly increased in number. Under the electron microscope, the cell divisions of basal layer in all groups that treated with 50 were more activated and rapidly regenerated than the all burned groups. Especially, some fantastic results obtained from the 10 days group with SQ treated; much thicker spinous layer than the control group, many prickle cells, fine intercellular bridges, and healthy basal layer contained melanocytes. These results suggest that squalene may active the epidermis growth factor (EGF), acts as scavenger, and provide sources of energy in the membrane system. The results of this experiment consider that squalene has specific effects for burn healing and regeneration.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 2022

Objective : This study was adapted into Korean for domestic use of the Sensory Processing and Self-Regulation Checklist (here in after referred to as SPSRC) and verified its content validity. Methods : The Korean version of the SPSRC, which was completed via a translation, content suitability, reverse translation, expert committee review, and content understanding process, was presented to three professors of the Department of Occupational Therapy and seven occupational therapists to confirm the content validity. Results : The content validity index (CVI) of the Korean version of the SPSRC was 0.9 or higher in all 130 items. Additionally, the CVI of all items was also 0.99, showing a high level of content validity result. Conclusion : The Korean version of the SPSRC was confirmed to have high content validity as a tool that can measure children's sensory processing ability and self-regulation ability together. The Korean version of the SPSRC facilitates the understanding and evaluation of children's sensory processing and self-regulation abilities in the clinical field, and is thought to be used to establish an intervention plan.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

Purpose: We have performed SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for avm (arterry vein malformation) and brain cancer. In order to verify dose and localization of SRS, dose distributions from TPS ($X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0, Radionics, USA) and GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film in a head phantom were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, head and neck region of conventional humanoid phantom was modified by substituting one of 2.5 cm slap with five 0.5 cm acrylic plates to stack the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film slice by slice with 5 mm intervals. Four films and five acrylic plates were cut along the contour of head phantom in axial plane. The head phantom was fixed with SRS head ring and adapted SRS localizer as same as real SRS procedure. CT images of the head phantom were acquired in 5 mm slice intervals as film interval. Five arc 6 MV photon beams using the SRS cone with 2 cm diameter were delivered 300 cGy to the target in the phantom. Ten small pieces of the film were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 cGy, respectively to calibrate the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film. The films in the phantom were digitized after 24 hours and its linearity was calibrated. The pixel values of the film were converted to the dose and compared with the dose distribution from the TPS calculation. Results: Calibration curve for the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film was linear up to 900 cGy. The R2 value was better than 0.992. Discrepancy between calculated from $X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0 and measured dose distributions with the film was less than 5% through all slices. Conclusion: It was possible to evaluate every slice of humanoid phantom by stacking the GafChromic EBT film which is suitable for 2 dimensional dosimetry, It was found that film dosimetry using the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film is feasible for routine dosimetric QA of stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2003

With the advent of stage-adapted multimodal regiments for esophageal malignancy, accurate staging has become of utmost importance. Endoscopic ultrasono graphy(EUS) i.: a diagnostic method for the local staging of esophageal cancer, in particular for T and N evaluation. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic efficacy of the EUS and to evaluate the relation between prognosis and EUS findings. Material and Method : We reexamined the cases of 88 consecuitive patients who underwent transthroacic esophagectomy and cervical esophagogastrostomy for esophageal cancer from January 1991 to July 2001 We compared EUS findings, histological results and outcomes. Result : There were 83 male(94.3%) and 5 female. Median age was 61.3 years old. Overall staging accuracy were 59.0% for T staging and 76.0% for N staging, In early T staging group, the accuracy was 74.9% except 74 stage. However significant differences were not found in the ability of EUS-determined T-stage and N-Stage to predict survival. Multivariate analysis showed EUS-stage to predict survival. Conclusion : EUS provides a high degree of accuracy in assessing both T and N parameters in staging esophagal cancer. EUS should be performed in all patients with esophageal cancer, not only for staging before therapy, but also as a valuable method of determining prognosis.