• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.895-899
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• 2002

Lysozyme activity in buffalo milk in relation to the period of lactation, parity of animal, weather conditions and udder infections was studied. Effect of storage and heat processing of milk on lysozyme activity was determined. Lysozyme activity was higher in buffalo milk than in cow milk. Buffalo colostrum showed lysozyme activity 5 times of that in mature milk. Lysozyme activity in buffalo milk was not influenced by the parity of animal and the stage of lactation, however, it increased during extreme whether conditions (winter and summer). Lysozyme in both cow and buffalo milk exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.4. Buffalo milk lysozyme was fully stable while the cow milk lysozyme was partly inactivated by pasteurization (low temperature-long time as well as high temperature-short time treatments). Lysozyme in buffalo milk was more stable than in cow milk during storage and heat treatment. A 10 to 50-fold increase in milk lysozyme activity was observed in mastitic cows. An assay of lysozyme activity in milk can be used to diagnose mastitis in cattle but not in buffaloes. Some buffaloes exhibited 1000 fold greater lysozyme activity and moderately raised somatic cell count in milk, but there was no sign of mastitis in these animals. A possible role of milk lysozyme in prevention of mastitis in buffaloes is discussed.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.71-92
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• 2005

As the Internet establishes and reinforces connections between people, virtual community is becoming one of considerable business model. We believe that benefits of the virtual community go to both customer and vendor organizing virtual community. Despite the explosive growth of virtual communities on the Internet, empirical research has been focused to study the issues related to characteristics of virtual community The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding about virtual communities as an e-business model by Customer Relation Management and by empirically validating their effect on the performance of website. Through path analysis, we find support for relations behavior influence the online commitment. we also find that the online commitment enhance the organization citizenship behavior. Finally, we discuss several theoretical and practical Implications, and suggest limitations for research and future research issue.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.69.2-69.2
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• 2014

To estimate free magnetic energy stored in an active region is a key to the quantitative prediction of activity observed on the Sun. This energy is defined as an excess over the potential energy that is the lowest energy taken by a magnetic structure formed in the solar atmosphere including the solar corona. It is, however still difficult to derive the configuration of a coronal magnetic field only by observations, so we have to use some observable quantity to estimate free magnetic energy. Recently, by performing a coordinated series of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of an emerging flux tube that transfers intense magnetic flux to the solar atmosphere we have found an universal power-law relation between free magnetic energy and emerged magnetic flux, the latter of which is a possibly observed quantity. We further investigate what causes this relation through a comparison with a model of linear force-free field.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.79
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• pp.53-63
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• 2007

While cave being active it will can occur and to be big the preparation against a small accident steadily and only objection the bay it knows to draw up the scenario of virtuality against the actual structure which leads a rescue work practice must practice. It systematizes a cave structure commission wheat cave structure association from the world-wide each nation and it does a cave relief activity. To found the cave structure center even in Korea and executing the improvement of structure setup and equipment and simultaneously, it is prevention of accident and accident occurrence right time and appropriate and to dispose and it is important to go out. The cave structure center must establish and inside Korean cave academic society it must maintain it must be strengthened feed with the fact that it becomes the relationship with academic society and the other cave structure specific authorization and a public relation.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate perception of patient safety culture and safety care activity among hospital nurses and to identify factors associated with the safety care activity. Methods: A total of 399 nurses working at secondary or tertiary hospitals in B city were participated in. Data were collected using 'Questionnaire on Patient Safety' and 'Safety Care Activity Questionnaire'. Results: The mean score of patient safety culture was 3.41 out of possible 5. The mean score of safety care activity was 4.40 out of possible 5. There was a positive relation between the perception of patient safety culture and the safety care activity. Through stepwise regression analysis with 22.4% of accountability, it was found that the perception of the safety care activity was associated with communication process, a sub-domain of safety culture, marital status, experience of incidence reporting, and level of patient safety. Conclusion: The findings show the importance of communication among nurses to improve the safety care activity. To provide high quality of care for patients, it is necessary to educate nurses on fire safety, patient education, and medication safety and improve their communication skills.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2002

Chemical carcinogen-induced alteration of aldehyde metabolic enzymes were examined in clone 9 cell. Diethylnitrosamine (DENA), N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) were wed as model carcinogens. Changes in enzyme activities by repetitive treatment of DENA, NEU or NNM were analyzed in terms of specific activities and activity stainings of the enzymes on the gel. Upon treatment of DENA, lipid peroxide level increased upto 10 fold, indicating strong oxidative stress state of the cell. Notable enhancement of ADH and ALDH activity occurred after DENA treatment, while glutathione-S-transferase activity was slightly increased. Furthermore, about 2.5 fold higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected during deactivation of catalase (CAT) activity by repetitive treatment of DENA. However in NEU-treated cell, about 2.3 fold higher ALDH activity was found while ADH activity was slightly increased. Notable increase CAT and SOD could also be found. In contrast, maximum 3.5 fold higher CAT activity occurred during SOD deactivation in NNM-treated cell. These results suggest that there might be different enzymatic responses in relation to cell protection against DENA, NEU or NNM.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.75.1-75.1
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• 2012

Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies are arguably the most important AGN subclass in investigating the origin of the black hole mass-galaxy stellar velocity dispersion (MBH-${\sigma}$) relation because of their high accretion rates close to the Eddington limit. Currently, it is still under discussion whether NLS1s are off from the local MBH-${\sigma}$ relation. We select a sample of 325 NLS1 at relatively low redshift (z<0.1) from the SDSS DR7 by constraining FWHM of $H{\beta}$ in the range of 800-2,200 km/s. Among them, we measured stellar velocity dispersion of 40 objects which show strong stellar absorption lines, e.g. Mg b triplet(${\sim}5175{\AA}$), Fe($5270{\AA}$). In contrast, the other 285 objects show too weak stellar absorption lines to measure velocity dispersion. Using the sample of 40 objects with stellar velocity dispersion measurements, we investigate whether NLS1s follow the same MBH-${\sigma}$ relation as normal galaxies and broad line AGNs. We also test the reliability of the width of narrow lines as a surrogate of stellar velocity dispersion by comparing directly measured stellar velocity dispersion with ${\sigma}$ inferred from [O III], [N II], [S II] line widths, respectively. We will discuss the connection between AGN activity in NLS1s and galaxy evolution based on these results.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.69.2-69.2
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• 2012

NGC 6861 is the brightest S0 galaxy in the Telescopium group. It has unusually high central stellar velocity dispersion (~400 km/s) and clear rotation (~250 km/s). Considering the well-known M-sigma relation, this large central dispersion implies that the central supermassive black hole (SMBH) has mass comparable to the most massive black holes in the Universe. However, the mass implied by the bulge luminosity-SMBH mass relation is an order of magnitude lower than that predicted by the M-sigma relation. In order to determine the origin of this inconsistency, we obtain integral field spectroscopy using the Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS) on the ANU 2.3m telescope. The data are used to map the velocity and velocity dispersion fields which show that our measurements are consistent with those from the other literature. The large field of view the WiFeS observations have allows us to map the kinematics of a much greater portion of NGC 6861 and reveals that the eastern part of the galaxy has higher velocity and dispersion than the rest of halo. We discuss the origin of the unusual fast rotation and the discrepancy of two SMBH mass estimations from three plausible perspectives: 1) the interaction between subgroups of NGC 6861 and its counterpart, NGC 6868; 2) the inhibited growth of the stellar bulge by the AGN activity which leads to an underestimate the SMBH mass when using the bulge luminosity-SMBH mass relation; and 3) gas rich minor mergers that could be crucial for increasing both rotation velocity and velocity dispersion during the evolution of NGC 6861.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 1985

Seasonal and vertical variations of abiontic soil carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activities were assessed every other month for a year in two contrasting forest soils and evaluated the relationships between soil CMCase activity and environmental parameters. In climax deciduous soil, variations in CMCase activities caused by differences in sampling time were greater than those caused by differences in soil depth. On the other hand, counter phenomenon was obserned in coniferous soil at the stage of development. Correlation analyses showed that soil CMCase activities were significantly (p>0.01) correlated with microbial respiration rates ($O_2$ uptake) and all of the microbial population sizes. From these results, it is suggested that determination of abiontic soil CMCase activity is an useful additional index for evaluating the overall microbial growth and activity in soils.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4E
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• pp.58-64
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• 1996

The aims of this study were to investigate the covariation between the extent of activity disturbances and general annoyance, and to study the relation between the extent of annoyance reactions and noise sensitivity. This paper presents a description of a model developed by taking into account self-rated noise sensitivity and noise rating(i,e., annoyance) for road traffic. The results indicate that there are large variations in noise sensitivity which is independent on the level of noise. It is also found that the extent of all activity disturbances decreased with decreased general annoyance. The paper suggests a normative approach to predicting individual's reaction to noise exposure, based on a periodically observed relationship between the prevalence of activity disturbance and annoyance. The model also predicts a road traffic-noise adaptatin level for each individual.