• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.847-855
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• 2005

This study investigated and compared the daily activities and energy expenditure of normally-weighted and obese elementary school children. The participants were 115 boys and 115 girls (6th grade) at ten elementary schools in Busan. Time spent on each activity was evaluated using the twenty-four hour recall method. 1) The general characteristics of the normally-weighted and obese children did not differ, although the normally-weighted children exercised and used stairs more than the obese children.2) Among their classified activities, the children spent most of their time resting, study, leisure, physiology and hygiene, commuting, and housework in that decreasing order. Normally-weighted children spent less time tying down and in conversation with family and friends than obese ones. 3) The children's average activity factors were 1.47 - 1.50. The normally-weighted children's rest energy expenditure (REE) (1391.4 kcal,1264.7 kcal) was less than that of the obese children (1711.4 kcal. 1461.0 kcal) . The normally-weighted children's daily energy expenditure was less than that of the obese, but energy expenditure per body weight was less in obese children than in the normally-weighted. In conclusion, sedentary activities and energy expenditure per body weight was less in the obese compared to the normally-weighted children. Programs to help children perceive and practice desirable physical activities should be suggested for prevention of obesity in children. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 847$\sim$855,2005)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.69-81
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• 1970

These studies were carried out on 176 persons ranging in age from 20 to 50 years to determine the basal metabolic rates, energy expenditure of various activities, and daily energy expenditure of service personnel in Korea. The measurements of basal metabolic rates were made on 42 subjects by indirect calorimetry using a Douglas' bag and Scholander's gas analyzer. The energy expenditures of various activities of daily life were also measured. The greatest increase in ratio of energy expenditure in the basis of resting metabolism was 277.3% in floor sopping and the least was 40.9% during hair cutting by beauticians. The assessment of the dailly energy expenditure for each subject was made by the factorial method, using a record of their activities throughout each of 24 hours of every survey day. Certain activities were recorded in minute units. The total daily energy expenditure is the sum of all energy expenditure. This was calculated by multiplying the caloric value of the metabolic rate by the time spent on each activity. The result of the total daily energy expenditure records for 17 occupations are summarized. In respect to the daily energy expenditure, most of the occupations are moderate or light work. But the janiter (F), laundress, cook (F), room maid and nurse's aid do heavy work.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.230-237
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• 2005

In this paper, we are suggested a method that's a major topics in sports medicine. It is disease control, control and management of chronic degenerative disease, and promotion of health. We are analyze physical activity to scientific and quantitative a trainee at Wu-Shu gymnasium, for a suggested method. We are measured a quantity of physical activity by SenseWear-PRO2-Armband which develop body-media company. Armband include to skin temperature sensor, near-body temperature sensor, accelerometer, heat flux sensor, galvanic skin response sensor. Acquired data was recorded to storage in Armband. We are analyzed using InnerView Wearer Software in the Stored data to skin temperature, calorie expenditure, quantity of physical activity. The result of this analyzed, we are know that a man of long-term exercise expenditure energy at short time and if liveliness of physical activity was Increase in expenditure energy with increase skin temperature. Also, we are know that the heat flux after increase expenditure energy with increase skin temperature. And, know that GSR was not affected a factors that physical activity, expenditure energy, increase skin temperature, and others.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1972

This study was carried out on the energy expenditure and physical capacity of 504 persons from 17 occupations. The energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry using a Douglas' bag and Scholander's gas analyser. The physical capacity was determined by the Harvard's step test and the maximum oxygen consumption using a treadmill. The assessment of the daily energy expenditure for each subject was made by the factorial method using a record of the activies throughout 24 hours of every survey day. The total daily energy expenditure is the sum of all energy expenditure. This was calculated by multiplying the caloric value of the metabolic rate by the time spent on each activity. Most of the occupations involved moderate or heavy work.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2003

The obesity is the matter of the energy balance in essential. The energy balance in human body is energy expenditure subtracted from energy intake. The energy intake is mainly supplied by carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in food, and the energy expenditure is composed of basal metabolic rate or resting energy expenditure, physical activity and thermogenesis including diet-induced thermogenesis. The resting energy expenditure is measured by direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry. Generally we can simply use predictive equation with the variables of weight, height, age and fat-free mass to yield metabolic rate. But there is discrepancy between the estimate and real metabolic rate because the equations can not reflect individuality and environments. The resting energy expenditure is influenced by many factors but the fundamental factor is fat-free mass. We briefly reviewed the concept and evaluation of the energy balance, intake and expenditure, which are important parts in the study of obesity. Finally, we surveyed the correlation between metabolic rate and obesity and suggested applicable herb medication to increase metabolic rate.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure of normal-weight and overweight Korean middle-aged women (40-60 yr). Middle-aged oveweight ($BMI\;{\geq}\;25$, n= 20) and normal-weight women were ($BMI\;{\leq}\;23$, n = 20) were recruited in Seoul. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, energy intake, daily activity time, and energy costs of some daily activities were measured. Energy expenditure at rest and while reading the newspaper, washing dishes, mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 1.0, 2.0, 3.5mph were measured by indirect calorimeter and total daily energy expenditure was estimated by summation of energy costs of different activities. The overweight group had significantly higher values of body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, thigh circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, WTR, WHR, body surface area, percentage body fat, fat mass, fat free mass (FFM), and muscle mass compared to normal-weight group. The energy intakes of both groups were close to RDA and other nutrient intake status was also satisfactory. There were no significant differences in intakes of energy and nutrients between the two groups. Overweight subjects showed lower energy expenditure per kg body weight for reading the newspaper, washing dishes and mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 2.0 and 3.5 mph, however, energy expenditure per kg FFM did not differ between the two groups. Daily energy expenditure for all activities was significantly higher in the overweight compared to the normal-weight group due to higher body weight. Both overweight and normal-weight groups showed negative energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, and there was no significant difference in energy balance between the two roups. Total daily energy expenditure correlated highly with FFM and body surface area. The result of present study does not offer an explanation on the energy imbalance and weight gain of overweight women.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2003

Obesity increases the risk of knee and to a lesser extent hip OA, which combined affect a large percentage of middle-aged and elderly adults and which are major source of disability, and factor of drop a lowering in the physical exercise ability. Energy expenditure from physical activity accounts for up to 30% of total energy expenditure, it can have a significant impact on energy balance. We studied a exercise therapy that improved long-term weight management and produced additional benefits - loss of joint pain, improved joint mobility, and this exercise program will enhance the weight loss and health benefits from physical activity in the treatment of obese patients with osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.336-346
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• 1994

balance and to estimate daily energy requirement in 43 Korean female college students maintaining their usual diet and activity level. Energy intake and expenditure were measured in two separate periods about one month apart, each period lasting for 3 days. All the subjects participated in both periods. Energy intake was assessed by two methods ; weighed diet record and duplicate portion analysis of diet minus fecal and urinary excretion. Mean daily energy intake level calculated from diet records was 28.5 kcal/kgB.W(1, 476 kcal/day), and similar to the level of 27.8 kcal/kgB.W(1, 438 kcal/days) obtained from the chemical analysis of duplicate portions. Mean daily energy expenditure, calculated from activity records of each subject, was 34.6 kcal/kgB.W, or 1.39 times BMR, which corresponds to light activity level. Mean daily energy balance of subjects was -5.9 kcal/kgB.W. Mean daily requirement of energy, calculated from the activity records of the subjects, was 34.6 kcal/kgB.W, similar to the level of the Korean RDA for light activity level. The results of this study indicate that 1) the activity level of the study subjects corresponds to the sedentary level ; 2) present Korean RDA for energy for light activity is adequate for the subjects ; and 3) the subjects should increase their energy intake since they are largely in negative energy balance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.413-425
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• 2017

Objectives: Accurate assessment of energy expenditure is important for estimation of energy requirements in athletic children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and intensity in athletic elementary school children. Methods: The present study involved 31 soccer players (16 males and 15 females) from an elementary school (9-12 years). During the measurements, children performed eight selected activities while simultaneously wearing the accelerometer and carrying the portable indirect calorimeter. Five equations (Freedson/Trost, Treuth, Pate, Puyau, Mattocks) were assessed for the prediction of energy expenditure from accelerometer counts, while Evenson equation was added for prediction of activity intensity, making six equations in total. The accuracy of accelerometer for energy prediction was assessed by comparing measured and predicted values, using the paired t-test. The intensity classification accuracy was evaluated with kappa statistics and ROC-Curve. Results: For activities of lying down, television viewing and reading, Freedson/Trost, Treuth were accurate in predicting energy expenditure. Regarding Pate, it was accurate for vacuuming and slow treadmill walking energy prediction. Mattocks was accurate in treadmill running activities. Concerning activity intensity classification accuracy, Pate (kappa=0.72) had the best performance across the four intensities (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). In case of the sedentary activities, all equations had a good prediction accuracy, while with light activities and Vigorous activities, Pate had an excellent accuracy (ROC-AUC=0.91, 0.94). For Moderate activities, all equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: In conclusion, none of the assessed equations was accurate in predicting energy expenditure across all assessed activities in athletic children. For activity intensity classification, Pate had the best prediction accuracy.