• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.244-256
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• 1996

This Study was conducted to investigate and compare of elderly lived in a urban and rural Area. The Subject were sampled in convenient sampling and total number of sample were 450 Persons (Urban=150, Rural=300). The Data were collected through one by one interview with interview schedule in the period of March 1-30, 1995. The Study Tools for this study were 1) CMI, 2) Self Rating Score for Health Status, 3) No. of Dignosed Diseases, 4) ADL to investigate for physical health status, 5) IADL for social health status and, 6) Life Satisfaction for psychological health status. The Data was analyzed in percentage, t-test, $x^2$ and pearson correlation by SAS program The Results could be summarized as follows; 1) In the status of physical health, the group of rural elderly were tended to have more physical problems but more active in daily life (ADL, IADL) and more satisfactory psychologically in their life than urban elderly. 2) There were negative correlations between the number of Health Problems and Self Rating Score for Health, ADL, IADL, Life Satisfaction. And there was positive correlation between the Number of Health Problems and Diagnosed Diseases.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2146-2156
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• 2017

When a failure occurs in active distribution system, it will be isolated through the action of circuit breakers and sectionalizing switches. As a result, the network might be divided into several connected components, in which distributed generations could supply power for customers. Aimed at decreasing customer interruption cost, this paper proposes a theoretically optimal island partition model for such connected components, and a simplified but more practical model is also derived. The model aims to calculate a dynamic island partition schedule during the failure recovery time period, instead of a static islanding status. Fluctuation and stochastic characteristics of the renewable distributed generations and loads are considered, and the interruption cost functions of the loads are fitted. To solve the optimization model, a heuristic search algorithm based on the hill climbing method is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is evaluated by comparing with an existing static island partitioning model and intelligent algorithms, respectively.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.895-906
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• 2015

Seoul Fashion Week aims to be the world’s fifth Fashion Week from the year after 2000. This has involved significant labour and investment, not all of which has been successful. This study analyses the strengths and weaknesses of SFW based on the London Fashion Week as a successful model. By identifying its obvious and less obvious characteristics, this analysis aims to diagnose SFW’s current status in order to upgrade the event at an international level. Key factors are organisational body, designers, visitors, sponsors, schedule, venue, main events and supportive events. The following points have emerged from the research: the success of Seoul Fashion Week was based on the combination of separate collections, an appropriate fashion show venue, and the active role of new designers. The problems were: lack of an independent organisation, non-professional staff, lack of diverse visitors, exclusive governmental funding, late timing, excessive distance from the main European and American fashion markets, lack of sustainability of the main events, a limited variety of supportive events, the absence of online promotion and, last but not least, no distinctive features. The study concludes that Seoul Fashion Week has great potential with its fast growth and young designers. This should be complemented with an independent organisation and effective administration and strategy.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1997

The antigenic potential of M3S tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(M3S TNF), which is a mutated form of TNF(TNF mutein) designed to reduce adverse effects of wild type human TNF, was investigated in the present study. The antigenicity of M3S TNF was examined by conducting active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test in guinea pigs, heterologous(mouse-rat) passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) test and passive hemagglutination(PHA) test. The experimental animals were divided into low, medium, high and the highest dose groups and the groups with or without immunoadjuvant, sensitized according to the appropriate schedule and challenged. In ASA test, when challenged with 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal, moderate to severe positive anaphylactic responses were observed in groups sensitized with 12 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal, 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal and 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal+Freund's complete adjuvant. In PCA test, positive responses were observed in the group sensitized with the highest dose emulsified with an alum(12 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal+alum). In PHA test, positive responses were observed in the group sensitized with 3 $\mu\textrm{g}$ /animal emulsified with an alum. All the other groups in each experiment showed negative responses. Based on these results, M3S TNF is considered to have some antigenic potential.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.374-386
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• 2019

A process for nitrogen doping of TiO₂ ceramics was developed, whereby polycrystalline titania particles were prepared at 450-1000℃ with variation of the firing schedule under N₂ atmosphere. The effect of nitrogen doping on the polycrystallites was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis. The microstructure of the TiO₂ ceramics changed with variation of the firing temperature and the firing atmosphere (N₂ or O₂). The microstructural changes in the nitrogen-doped TiO₂ ceramics were closely related to changes in the Raman spectra. Within the evaluated temperature range, the nitrogen-doped titania ceramics comprised anatase and/or rutile phases, similar to those of titania ceramics fired in air. Infiltration of nitrogen gas into the titania ceramics was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and XRD analysis, showing a considerable change in the profiles of the N₂-doped TiO₂ ceramics compared with those of the TiO₂ ceramics fired under O₂ atmosphere. The nitrogen doping in the anatase phase may produce active sites for photocatalysis in the visible and ultraviolet regions.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.569-583
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• 2013

In this study, the simultaneous use of a multi-level converter (MLC) as a DC-motor drive and as an active battery cell balancer is investigated. MLCs allow each battery cell in a battery pack to be independently switched on and off, thereby enabling the potential non-uniform use of battery cells. By exploiting this property and the brake regeneration phases in the drive cycle, MLCs can balance both the state of charge (SoC) and temperature differences between cells, which are two known causes of battery wear, even without reciprocating the coolant flow inside the pack. The optimal control policy (OP) that considers both battery pack temperature and SoC dynamics is studied in detail based on the assumption that information on the state of each cell, the schedule of reciprocating air flow and the future driving profile are perfectly known. Results show that OP provides significant reductions in temperature and in SoC deviations compared with the uniform use of all cells even with uni-directional coolant flow. Thus, reciprocating coolant flow is a redundant function for a MLC-based cell balancer. A specific contribution of this paper is the derivation of a state-space electro-thermal model of a battery submodule for both uni-directional and reciprocating coolant flows under the switching action of MLC, resulting in OP being derived by the solution of a convex optimization problem.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2001

With the aging of society a great deal of interest is being placed on the value of longitudinal data in evaluating physiological losses. We present data on test-one/test-two reliability and reproducibility for measures of training, bone density from a longitudinal study of master athletes. Fifty-two males (mean age at test $1=58.2{\pm}9.8\;years$) and thirty-two females ($54.4{\pm}8.8\;years$) were selected from the study population. Bone mineral density was determined using DEXA (Hologic 1500). The characteristics of the subjects are presented below as $means\;{\pm}\;S.D$. The data was imported into the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS 9.0, Chicago, IL). Paired t-tests were performed between visit 1 and visit 2 in subjects. Pearson correlations were performed. The results of this study indicate the measures of training history, body mass and bone density are reasonably stable and reproducible. We conclude that body composition and bone density parameters are stable and reproducible over time in active older subjects. Physiologic measures in master athletes are fairly stable, and reproducible over time Longitudinal studies investigating age-related changes in master athletes need to be conducted on a time schedule of greater than two years.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the association between working conditions and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Korea. Methods : We obtained data on health history, lifestyle, housework and Working conditions, such as shift work, hours standing, working time, job demand, lifting at work and at home, between August and September 2000, from self-reported questionnaires. A group of 344, occupationally active, pregnant women from 51 industries were studied. Of the women studied, 328 women were further interviewed by telephone between November 2000 and September 2001. Result : Compared with daytime work, shift work increased the risk for preform birth (an adjusted risk ratio of 2.74, 95% CI=1.02-2.62) and low birth weight (an adjusted risk ratio of 2.74,95% CI=1.02-2.02). A significantly increased risk was found for prolonged standing, with an adjusted risk ratio of preform births of 6.80 (95% CI=2.01-23.0). There were no significant differences in the incidence of spontaneous abortion between the occupational working conditions, with the enception of a previous history of spontaneous abortion. Conclusion : These findings suggest that maternal working conditions, such as shift work and prolonged standing, contribute significantly to preterm birth and low birth weight.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compliance to maintenance schedules recommended supportive periodontal therapy(SPT) and to determine differences in the characteristics of compliant and non-compliant patients. Methods: 414 patients commencing SPT after active periodontal treatment from 2003 to 2005 were included in this study. Based on their compliance with the suggested maintenance schedule, patients were classified as compliant and non-compliant groups. Also patients classified by gender, age, degree of alveolar bone loss and treatment rendered. The association between compliance and patient characteristics was assessed by odds ratio in logistic regression analyses. Results: Only 47% of the initial patient was found to be compliant at the end of August 2008 and 20.8% patients were lost in the first year of SPT. There were significant differences between compliant and non-compliant regard to age, degree of alveolar bone loss and treatment rendered. Conclusions: In conclusion, compliance with SPT generally poor and patients who were older, treated surgical therapy and with mild alveolar bone loss are more compliant to SPT.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2008

The introduction of competition in electricity markets emphasizes the importance of sufficient transmission capacities to guarantee effective power transactions. Therefore, for the economic and stable electric power system operation, transmission security constrains should be incorporated into the dispatch scheduling problem. With the intent to solve this problem, we decompose a dispatch scheduling problem into a master problem(MP) and several subproblems(SPs) using Benders decomposition. The MP solves a general optimal power flow(OPF) problem while the SPs inspect the feasibility of OPF solution under respective transmission line contingencies. If a dispatch scheduling solution given by the MP violates transmission security constraints, then additional constraints corresponding to the violations are imposed to the MP. Through this iterative process between the MP and SPs, we derive an optimal dispatch schedule incorporating the post-contingency corrective rescheduling. In addition, we consider interruptible loads as active control variables since the interruptible loads can participate as generators in competitive electricity markets. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.