• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.371-376
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• 2003

To develop an efficient cultivation system to increase the productivity and the high quality of Chrysanthemum boreale M., the effects of pig manure (PM) application on the yield and the effective component were investigated in the pot scale (1/2000a scale). PM applied at the equivalent of six rates (with rate of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 12000 kg $10a^{-1}$). Maximum plant biomass yield was achieved at 9510 kg $10a^{-1}$ and at 9940 kg $10a^{-1}$ for flower biomass. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was more than 42% for all nitrogen treatments and reached 66.6% at 4000 kg $10a^{-1}$. Proline $(7.4{\sim}9.2\;g\;kg^{-1})$ was the most abundant amino acid in the flower of C. boreale M. and the contents of amino acids increased with increasing PM application rate. Contents of cumambrin A. a sesquiterpene compound known to reduce blood-pressure, decreased with increasing PM application. The highly negative correlation was found ($R^2$ = -0.723, P<0.01) between content of cumambrin A and PM application. However, the amount of cumambrin A in flowers increased as PM rate increased, because of increasing flower yield. In conclusion, PM fertilization increases yields and enhances overall quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2005

Catalytic wet oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water has been conducted using $TiO_2-supported$ cobalt oxides at $36^{\circ}C$ with a weight hourly space velocity of $7,500\;h^{-1}.\;5\%\;CoO_x/TiO_2$, prepared by using an incipient wetness technique, might be the most promising catalyst for the wet oxidation although it exhibited a transient behavior in time on-stream activity. Not only could the bare support be inactive for the wet decomposition reaction, but no TCE removal also occurred by the process of adsorption on $TiO_2$ surface. The catalytic activity was independent of all particle sizes used, thereby representing no mass transfer limitation in intraparticle diffusion. XPS spectra of both fresh and used Co surfaces gave different surface spectral features for each $CoO_x,\;Co\;2P_{3/2}$ binding energy for Co species in the fresh catalyst appeared at 781.3 eV, which is very similar to the chemical states of $CoTiO_x$ such as $CO_2TiO_4\;and\;CoTiO_3$. The used catalyst exhibited a 780.3-eV main peak with a satellite structure at 795.8 eV. Based on XPS spectra of reference Co compound, the TCE-exposed Co surfaces could be assigned to be in the form of mainly $Co_3O_4$. XRD patterns for $5\%\;CoO_x/TiO_2$ catalyst indicated that the phase structure of Co species in the catalyst even before reaction is quite comparable to the diffraction lines of external $Co_3O_4$ standard. A model structure of $CoO_x$ present predominantly on titania surfaces would be $Co_3O_4$, encapsulated in thin-film $CoTiO_x$ species consisting of $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$, which may be active for the decomposition of TCE in a flow of water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.957-964
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• 2008

Antioxidative, antidiabetes, antibacterial, anticancer and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of methanol extracts of dried persimmon, fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves were investigated. Total polyphenol content of dried persimmon, fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves were 147.79, 301.45 and $315.90\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively, of which fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves had significantly higher total polyphenol than dried persimmon. Activities of DPPH radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition and salivary $\alpha$-amylase inhibition were increased in persimmon leaves related to total polyphenol contents. Anticancer activities against AGS of fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves were $65{\sim}70%$; however, there were no significant differences between dried persimmon and fresh persimmon on free radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of salivary $\alpha$-amylase. Also, extracts of dried persimmon, fresh persimmon and persimmon leaves showed good ACE inhibitory activities. Dried persimmon and fresh persimmon showed antibacterial activities on E.coli O157:H7. Therefore, there are many difference activities by dried and parts of persimmon. From this result, it is suggested that persimmon leaves is believed to have possible antioxidative, antidiabetes and anticancer capacities by polyphenol, but further studies on the identification of the active compound(s) as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and antibacterial materials will be needed to develop a better understanding of its potency on persimmons.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.3 s.136
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• pp.225-231
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• 2004

An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, has been used for a biological control agent against the diamondback moth, Plutellae xylostella. It has a symbiotic polydnavirus in their reproductive tract, which is required for its successful parasitization. Here, we measured a specific replication time of the polydnavirus during female development of C. plutellae. We, also, analyzed the reproductive potentials of female C. plutellae under mating or different host conditions. At $25^{\circ}C$, pupal C. plutellae began to develop adult tissues such as compound eyes and wings since day 2. At day 5, all adult tissues including antennae were developed and were ready to emerge. With polyclonal antibody raised against C. plutellae polydnavirus, an immunobloting could confirm virus replication at day 4 during pupal stage. Virus particles could be visualized by transmission electron microscope in the oviduct lumen of day 5 pupae. After adult eclosion, venom gland and ovarian calyx increased in size, though ovarioles did not. Mated females layed large number of eggs (over $60\%$) at first 4 days during their mean longevity of ca. 8 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Unmated females showed less active ovipositional behavior, where all the eggs developed into males. C. Plutellae parasitized both P. xylostella and fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea. However, C. Plutellae developed faster and showed higher successful paarasitization in P. xylostella than in H. cunea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1614-1618
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• 2014

To utilize Smilax china L. leaves as a natural preservatives, solvent fractions from crude methanol extract were prepared and investigated their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant activities were examined by 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assays. Ethyl acetate fraction from Smilax china L. leaves exhibited the strongest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities among the fractions (P<0.05), as well as the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol contents in the ethyl acetate fraction from Smilax china L. leaves were determined by TLC and HPLC. In aqueous phase, as well as the n-butanol and n-hexane fractions, quercetin, ferulic acid, and kaempferol were detected in small amounts. Ferulic acid, which showed the highest content, is the major active compound from Smilax china L. leaves.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.3 s.130
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• pp.177-181
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activities of Rosa davurica Pall for the purpose of development of novel antioxidant from natural products. Antioxidant activities of four different parts of Rosa davurica Pall such as fruit, leaf, stem and root were examined by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The methanol extract from the root of Rosa davurica Pall showed the highest antioxidative activity among 16 samples tested. And, we also tested radical scavenging effects of 5 different extract compartments(Hexane, $CHCl_3$, EtOAc, BuOH and $H_2O$ fraction). EtOAc and BuOH fractions from the root of Rosa davurica Pall exhibited antioxidative activities higher to those of natural, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ or synthetic antioxidants, BHT. The antioxidative substance of EtOAc fraction from the root of Rosa davurica Pall was successively purified with silica gel adsorption column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The purified active substance was isolated as crystal and identified as (+)-catechin by $^{l}H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$. This compound exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity with the $IC_50$ value of $1.7\;{\mu}g/ml$. In the analysis of catechin content, the leaf extracts contained the highest catechin, and fruit extracts contained the lowest catechin. Considering antioxidative activity on DPPH assay, the extracts of Rosa davurica Pall showed a possibility to be used as a new material for natural antioxidant and functional food.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.703-716
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• 2010

It has recently been considered urgent to establish an accurate definition and scope of functional foods in the livestock industry in Korea. The tertiary function of food is gradually emphasized with various changes in conditions such as international competitive power enhancement of the whole world, including Korea. Therefore, the purpose of this study was carried out to gather basic information toward the establishment of standardization, management plans, and a system adapted to the Korean state through researching management systems of functional meat and meat products in the European Union (EU) and the Oceania Area (OA). A brief summary of this study is as follows. In the EU and OA, special management systems and laws about functional livestock and products were once nonexistent; only 'nutrition claims' and 'health claims' operated in the nutritional consolidation side of foods. Also, it was once thought that functional index materials and permissions established in the application of functional products sufficed, because management standards for enriched food were not established. Therefore, standardization of functional live stock products needs to be considered based on the case of developed countries in the EU and OA. It also seems that the above functional indicative substances can be applied, based on normal standards of indicative substances of functional products and the normal standards of indicators of functional substances added to livestock products presented in this study.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.131-139
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• 2018

The king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) is widely consumed because of its flavor, texture, and its functional properties such as antioxidant activity and prebiotic effects. However, long-term product storage and transportation (e.g., export) are difficult because of its limited durability. The shelf-life of king oyster mushroom is affected by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, gas composition, and ventilation, which may affect sensory characteristics including respiration rate, texture, moisture, flavor, color, and pH. The major problems regarding storage of mushrooms are browning, flavor changes, and softening. To address these problems, novel preservation techniques were developed, and more durable variants were bred. Different drying methods, gamma irradiation, chitosan coating, modified atmosphere (MA) packaging, and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage were evaluated in order to extend the shelf-life of king oyster mushrooms. Freeze drying showed better results for the preservation of mushrooms than other drying methods. Irradiation with 1 kGy was more effective for extending mushroom shelf-life than higher doses. The preservative performance of chitosan-based films was improved by combining the compound with other hydrocolloids, such as oil, protocatechuic acid, and wax. The CA storage conditions recommended for king oyster mushrooms are 5kPa $O_2$ and 10 to 15kPa $CO_2$ at temperatures below $10^{\circ}C$. Active MA packaging with microperforated PP film was also effective for maintaining quality during storage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5715-5719
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• 2014

Autophagy is crucial in the maintenance of homeostasis and regenerated energy of mammalian cells. Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy(CMA) are the two best-identified pathways. Recent research has found that in normal cells, decline of macroautophagy is appropriately parallel with activation of CMA. However, whether it is also true in cancer cells has been poorly studied. Here we focused on cross-talk and conversion between macroautophagy and CMA in cultured Burkitt lymphoma Raji cells when facing serum deprivation and exposure to a toxic compound, arsenic trioxide. The results showed that both macroautophagy and CMA were activated sequentially instead of simultaneously in starvation-induced Raji cells, and macroautophagy was quickly activated and peaked during the first hours of nutrition deprivation, and then gradually decreased to near baseline. With nutrient deprivation persisted, CMA progressively increased along with the decline of macroautophagy. On the other hand, in arsenic trioxide-treated Raji cells, macroautophagy activity was also significantly increased, but CMA activity was not rapidly enhanced until macroautophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor. Together, we conclude that cancer cells exhibit differential responses to diverse stressor-induced damage by autophagy. The sequential switch of the first-aider macroautophagy to the homeostasis-stabilizer CMA, whether active or passive, might be conducive to the adaption of cancer cells to miscellaneous intracellular or extracellular stressors. These findings must be helpful to understand the characteristics, compensatory mechanisms and answer modes of different autophagic pathways in cancer cells, which might be very important and promising to the development of potential targeting interventions for cancer therapies via regulation of autophagic pathways.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.409-409
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• 2014

Recently hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), III-V compound of boron and nitrogen with strong covalent $sp^2$ bond, is a 2 dimensional insulating material with a large direct band gap up to 6 eV. Its outstanding properties such as strong mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, and chemical stability have been reported to be similar or superior to graphene. Because of these excellent properties, h-BN can potentially be used for variety of applications such as dielectric layer, deep UV optoelectronic device, and protective transparent substrate. Ultra flat and charge impurity-free surface of h-BN is also an ideal substrate to maintain electrical properties of 2 dimensional materials such as graphene. To synthesize a single or a few layered h-BN, chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) has been widely used by using an ammonia borane as a precursor. Ammonia borane decomposes into hydrogen (gas), monomeric aminoborane (solid), and borazine (gas) that is used for growing h-BN layer. However, very active monomeric aminoborane forms polymeric aminoborane nanoparticles that are white non-crystalline BN nanoparticles of 50~100 nm in diameter. The presence of these BN nanoparticles following the synthesis has been hampering the implementation of h-BN to various applications. Therefore, it is quite important to grow a clean and high quality h-BN layer free of BN particles without having to introduce complicated process steps. We have demonstrated a synthesis of a high quality h-BN monolayer free of BN nanoparticles in wafer-scale size of $7{\times}7cm^2$ by using CVD method incorporating a simple filter system. The measured results have shown that the filter can effectively remove BN nanoparticles by restricting them from reaching to Cu substrate. Layer thickness of about 0.48 nm measured by AFM, a Raman shift of $1,371{\sim}1,372cm^{-1}$ measured by micro Raman spectroscopy along with optical band gap of 6.06 eV estimated from UV-Vis Spectrophotometer confirm the formation of monolayer h-BN. Quantitative XPS analysis for the ratio of boron and nitrogen and CS-corrected HRTEM image of atomic resolution hexagonal lattices indicate a high quality stoichiometric h-BN. The method presented here provides a promising technique for the synthesis of high quality monolayer h-BN free of BN nanoparticles.