• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2014

This study was conducted to set the proper sterilization standards of casing soil for the stable production of button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) from mushroom disease that occurs in infection of casing soil material. Changes of aerobic bacteria are increased as the longer grow-out period and sharply increased after second flushes. Fluorescence Psuedomonas showed high density at high sterilization temperature and $100^{\circ}C$ treatment has extremely high density at 30 min and 60 min in casing 22 days. Density of thermophilic actinomyces is sharply increase from casing with soil and the highest density at 22 days of casing and rapidly decrease after first flushes. Sterilizing temperature of casing soil affects quality and quantity of button mushroom. Treatment of 60 min, 90 min at $80^{\circ}C$ and 30 min at $100^{\circ}C$ produced the highest mushroom yields, especially mushrooms yields of A grads were the highest at treatment of 90 min at $80^{\circ}C$. Treatment of 60min at $100^{\circ}C$ products many yields, however, this treatment has low economic feasibility for its yields. Sterilizing temperature of casing soil has an effect on generating diseases and insect pests. Treatment of 60 min, 90 min at $80^{\circ}C$ and 30 min $100^{\circ}C$ showed lower incidence than the other treatment. Although treatment of 30 min at $100^{\circ}C$ causes low diseases and mushroom fly damage, it has low mushroom yields. Furthermore, although treatment of 60 min at $100^{\circ}C$ has high mushroom yields, it causes high diseases and mushroom fly damage. Therefore the best conditions for the sterilization of casing soils was 60 min and 90 min at $80^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 1998

The effects of metalaxyl(granule), carbofuran(granule) and simazine(water soluble powder) on the soil microflora were conducted at field soil between Iksan and Chonju province. Pesticides were divided into 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 times of normal of field, respectively. The number of fluorescent Pseudomonas was ranged from $10^3$ to $10^6/g$ in both field soil treated with cabofuran. Pseudomonas concentration of Chonju field soil slowly increased and approached the maximum level at 56 day after treatment(DAT). It showed the higher at 14DAT than other DAT in Iksan field soil treated with metalaxyl or simazine, whereas it increased again at 112 DAT in metalaxyl treatment. Cabofuran treatment of both field soil showed maximum Pseudomonas number at 28 DAT compared to that of other treatments. In Chonju field soil, those Pseudomonads of metalaxyl and simazine treatment increased the highest level at 7 DAT. Simazine treatment decreased it's number from the beginning of experiment. In both soil, metalaxyl treatment decrease the general fungi number at 7 DAT, but increase at 14 and 56 DAT in Iksan field soil. However it increased at 56 DAT in Chonju field soil. Cabofuran treatment of Iksan field soil tended to decrease general fungi number at 28 DAT, but was ranged from 1.0 to $8.6{\times}104/g$ for the rest of experimental period. It started to increase at 56 DAT simazine treatment of Iksan. General bacterial concentration both soil treated with cabofuran was belong to $26.6{\sim}29.6{\times}106$. It was the highest at 56 DAT, but was not significantly different. General actinomyces number was highly increased at 7 and 112 DAT compared to that of other DAT. Pseudomonas putida or P. fluorescens from both field soil was separated and identified 10 to 30 of all 104 Pseudomonas, respectively. All isolated microorganisms showed chemical resistance of 100ppm metalaxyl, cabofuran and simazine treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.576-581
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• 2005

Background : Thoracic actinomycosis is a relatively uncommon anaerobic infection caused by Actinomyces israelii. There have been only a few case reports of endobronchial actinomycosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestation and treatment of endobronchial actinomycosis. Material and Methods : Seven patients with endobronchial actinomycosis, who were diagnosed in the past 10 years, were retrospectively reviewed. Results : Cough and sputum were the most common symptoms. The chest radiograph and computed tomography showed necrotic consolidation (n=3), atelectasis (n=2), mass (n=1) and an endobronchial nodule (n=1). Proximal broncholithiasis was observed in five patients. All cases were initially suspected to have either lung cancer or tuberculosis. In these patients, the median duration of intravenous antibiotics was 3 days (range 0-12 days) and the median duration of oral antibiotics was 147 days (range 20-412 days). Two patients received oral antibiotic therapy only. There was no clinical evidence of a recurrence. Conclusion : Endobronchial actinomycosis frequently manifests as a proximal obstructive calcified endobronchial nodule that is associated with distal post-obstructive pneumonia. The possibility of endobronchial actinomycosis is suggested when findings of broncholithiasis are present at chest CT. The traditional recommendation of 2-6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics and 6-12 months of oral antibiotic therapy are not necessarily essential in all cases of endobronchial actinomycosis.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop an alternative organic fertilizer to castor oil cake-based fertilizers. To assess the nutrient effect of the developed fermented mixed organic fertilizers, the yield of lettuce and soil characteristics after growth were analyzed and compared to those of a trial using a mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Two fermented mixed organic fertilizers, FA and FB, each containing 5.0% nitrogen, 2.6% phosphate, and 1.4% potassium, were produced by mixing different ratios of rice bran, dried distillers grains, sesame oil meal, and fish meal. This study was conducted with six trials: untreated, mixed expeller cake fertilizer, and the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB. Based on the amount of nitrogen fertilization (70 kg ha^-1) on the lettuce, the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB were applied at 100% and 150%, respectively, and the mixed oil cake was applied at 100%. As the amount of treatment increased, there was no significant difference except the number of leaves in FA treatment. The yields from the FA100 and FB100 treatments were 38.2 and 40.8 Mg ha^-1, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment at 38.3 Mg ha^-1. In addition, the nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of the lettuce were not significantly different between mixed expeller cake fertilizer and fermented mixed organic fertilizer treatments. Analysis of the chemical properties of the soil after the trial showed that he mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment showed the lowest pH. There were no significant differences in electrical conductivity, content of soil organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation among the fertilizer treatments. However, the bacterial and actinomyces density was higher in the soil from the fertilizer trials than in the non-fertilizer trials. These results indicated that the two tested fermented mixed organic fertilizers had nourishing effects and soil characteristics that were similar to those of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Thus, farmers can use these fermented mixed organic fertilizers as alternatives to castor oil cakes for the cultivation of organic lettuce.