• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 1989

The effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid and ginseng saponin iron Korean red ginseng on hyperkeratinization of guinea pig skin were investigated by means of enzymatic analysis and light microscopic observation. To induce hyperkeratinization, hexadevance It was topically applied to the dorsal skin of female guinea Pigs every other day for eight days and 13-cis- retinoic acid or ginseng saponin solution was administered orally or topically applied daily during the experimental period. As a result, both topical application of ginseng saponin and oral administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid showed prepentive effects on hyperkeratinization while topical application of 13-cis-retinoic acid inhibited normal epidermal cell proliferation and reduced epidermal enzyme activities such as LDH. ICD and GSPDH below the levels in a normal epidermis. It is suggested that topical application of ginseng saponin and oral administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid may have beneficial efforts against hyperkeratinization possibly by controlling epidermal proliferation and enzyme activities related to epidermal energy metabolism.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 1997

To identify inhibitors of melanogenesis, we compared the effects of 5 compounds on mushroom tyrosinase, human melanocytic tyrosinase activity and melanin content. The cytotoxicyty of the components were also tested on cultured human melanoctes. Kojic acid showed marked inhibitory effect both on mushroom and human tyrosinase activity. This action of kijic acid is stronger than that of ascorbic acid. Arbutin inhibited human tyrosinase activity of cultured melanocytes although it had slightly inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase activity. Azelaic acid had no effect on human tyrosinase activity. Melanin production was inhibited significantly by kojic acid and tranexamic acid. MTT assay showed that all of the compounds were non-cytotoxic to melanocytes at the concentrations tested. These results suggest that the effect of kojic acid on cultured meanocytes involve inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis without affection the cell number.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.331-333
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• 2014

We investigated the effects of sea urchin shell powder on 2 volatile fatty acids, acetic and butyric acid, in poultry litter. A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) were allocated to 2 treatments (basal diet and 1% sea urchin shell powder) with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. During the 4-week experimental period, significant differences in acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were observed between treatments (P < 0.05), except for acetic acid at 1 week. Additions of 1% sea urchin shell powder resulted in lower acetic and butyric acid concentrations compared to the litter of control birds. We conclude that the sea urchin shell powder used in this study might prove beneficial in reducing environmental pollution caused by poultry litter.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2004

An unstructured mathematical model for lactic acid fermentation was developed. This model was able to predict the inhibition effects of lactic acid and glucose and was con-firmed to be valid with various initial concentrations of lactic acid and glucose. Simulation of energy production was made using this mathematical model, and the relationship between the kinetics of energy metabolism and lactic acid production was also analyzed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.861-870
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• 2003

Using a simple continuous optical technique, coupled with measurements of zeta potential, the effects of polyelectrolyte dosage, kaoline particles and pH on flocculation of humic acid by several cationic polyelectrolytes, have been examined. The charge density of a polyelectolyte is important in determining the optimum dosage and in the removal of humic acid. The optimum dosage is less for the polyelectrolytes of higher charge density and is the same regardless of the presence of kaoline particles of different turbidity. At the dosage, the removal of humic acid is higher for the polyelectrolytes of higher charge density and the zeta potential of humic acid approaches to near zero, With increasing pH of humic acid, the optimum dosage increases and the flocculation index value obtained at the dosage decreases in the following pH 7 ＞ pH 5 ＞ pH 9, regardless of polyelectrolytes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1677-1680
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• 2010

The harmful effects of succinic acid and oxidative stress on cell growth were determined during batch fermentation with Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7, a powerful succinic acid-producing strain, and conditions were optimized to minimize these effects. In terms of toxicity, the cell concentration decreased as the concentration of succinic acid increased. By changing the pH from 6.5 to 7 during fermentation, the cell concentration increased by about 10%, and the level of succinic acid production was 6% higher than that of the control. In addition, by introducing protectants, the cell concentration increased by about 10%, and the level of succinic acid produced was increased by 3%.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2014

Thelephoric acid is an antioxidant produced by the hydrolysis of polyozellin, which is isolated from Polyozellus multiplex. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of polyozellin and thelephoric acid on 9 cytochrome P450 (CYP) family members (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) were examined in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) using a cocktail probe assay. Polyozellin exhibited weak inhibitory effects on the activities of all 9 CYPs examined, whereas thelephoric acid exhibited dose- and time-dependent inhibition of all 9 CYP isoforms ($IC_{50}$ values, $3.2-33.7{\mu}M$). Dixon plots of CYP inhibition indicated that thelephoric acid was a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. In contrast, thelephoric acid was a noncompetitive inhibitor of CYP2D6. Our findings indicate that thelephoric acid may be a novel, non-specific CYP inhibitor, suggesting that it could replace SKF-525A in inhibitory studies designed to investigate the effects of CYP enzymes on the metabolism of given compounds.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4993-4998
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• 2012

Vanillic acid, a vegetable phenolic compound, is a strong antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to determine its effects on mitomycin C-induced DNA damage in human blood lymphocyte cultures in vitro, both alone and in combination with mitomycin C (MMC). The cytokinesis block micronucleus test and alkaline comet assay were used to determine genotoxic damage and anti-genotoxic effects of vanillic acid at the DNA and chromosome levels. MMC induced genotoxicity at a dose of $0.25{\mu}g/ml$. Vanillic acid ($1{\mu}g/ml$) significantly reduced both the rates of DNA damaged cells and the frequency of micronucleated cells. A high dose of vanillic acid ($2{\mu}g/ml$) itself had genotoxic effects on DNA. In addition, both test systems showed similar results when tested with the negative control, consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in combination with vanillic acid ($1{\mu}g/ml$)+MMC. In conclusion, vanillic acid could prevent oxidative damage to DNA and chromosomes when used at an appropriately low dose.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 1996

We studied the effects of fish oil supplementation with low does on the lipid concentration and fatty acid of plasma and the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte of lactating women. The subjects, 18 lactating women, who were exclusively breast-fed their babies were classifed into a control group and 2 fish oil groups according to dose; the subjects of fish oil groups were supplemented with 1.96g/d or 3.92g/d of fish oil, respectively for 2 weeks from 10 to 12 weeks postpartum. All subjects consumed their usual diet at home. Blood sample were collected at the final day of experiment. The plasma HDL-cholesterol level increased significantly by fish oil supplementation. The concentrations of DHA (docesahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) in the plasma PC(phosphatidylcholine) and PE (phosphatidylethanolamine)of fish oil groups tended to increase, but not significant. However, the concentrations of DHA and EPA of PC and PE in erythrocyte were not affected by fish oil supplementation. These results demonstrate that fish oil supplementation with low dose does not change the concentration of plasma lipid as well as fatty acid composition in plasma PC and PE and red blood cell obviously. However the increase of plasma HDL-cholesterol level, the reduction of atherogenic index(AI) and the tendency of increase of DHA and EPA concentrations in plasma PC and PE indicate that there may be some beneficial effects on maternal lipid metabolism if fish oil intakes were increased.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2000

The inhibitory effects of doenjang extracts and linoleic acid(LA) which was identified as one of the active compounds in doenjang on the growth of human cancer cells were studied, comparing to the actions on normal cells. Methanol extract and hexane fraction from doenjang exhibited the strong growth inhibitory effect on HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Inhibitory effects of chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions on the cancer cells were observed, moderately or weakly. When cell counts of SNU-C$_1$human colon carcinoma cells were determined daily for 6 days, the inhibitory effect of hexane fraction on this cell line was higher than that of the methanol extract from doenjang. LA completely suppressed the growth of SNU-C$_1$cells after 4 days, while conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) resulted in 98% inhibition after 6 days. With the addition of LA and other free fatty acids such as stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (${\gamma}$-LnA) to the culture system, the growth of HT-29 cells and SNU-C$_1$cells was greatly suppressed after 6 days. Inhibitory effects of LA ${\gamma}$-LnA on the growth of these cells were stronger than other fatty acids. On the growth of AZ-521 human gastric carcinoma cells, LA and CLA completely cuppressed the growth of the cells after 4 days and 3 days, respectively. At the level of 0.001%~0.01% of LA, there was no cytotoxic effect on normal rat kidney cells and normal intestine human cells. These results showed that LA, a major active compound of doenjang, had strong inhibitory effects on the growth of human cancer cells without damaging normal cells.