• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress is a known to be associated with in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with has antimicrobial, antioxidative, and anticancer properties. However, the role of ursolic acid in the regulating of osteogenesis remains undetermined. This study was aimed to elucidate the crucial osteogenic effects of ursolic acid and its ability to inhibit oxidative stress by targeting the immediate early response 3 (IER3)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Methods: Cell proliferation was determined using water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay, cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and formation of calcium nodules was detected using alizarin red S stain. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using by DCFH-DA fluorescence dye in hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-treated MG-63 cells. Expression levels of IER3, Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were analyzed using western blot analysis. Results: Our results showed that ursolic acid up-regulated the proliferation of osteoblasts without any cytotoxic effects, and promoted ALP activity and mineralization. $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation was found to be significantly inhibited on treatment with ursolic acid. Furthermore, in $H_2O_2$-treated cells, the expression of the early response genes: IER3, Nrf2, and Nrf2-related phase II enzyme (HO-1) was enhanced in the presence of ursolic acid. Conclusion: The key findings of the present study elucidate the protective effects of ursolic acid against oxidative stress conditions in osteoblasts via the IER3/Nrf2 pathway. Thus, ursolic acid may be developed as a preventative and therapeutic agent for mineral homeostasis and inflammatory diseases caused due to oxidative injury.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.177-182
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• 2022

Purpose: The efficacy and safety of low-dose pregabalin and alpha lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy were evaluated and analyzed. Materials and Methods: This study designed a retrospective study that included patients with diabetic neuropathic pain. From 2009 to 2022, 100 patients who suffered from diabetic neuropathic pain were included in this study. The patients were divided into group I (pregabalin 150 mg/day with alpha lipoic acid 600 mg/day) and group II (pregabalin 300 mg/day with alpha lipoic acid 600 mg/day). The visual analogue scale (VAS), medication side effects, and neurometer results were compared. Results: The mean follow-up period of the above patients was 120.23 weeks in group I and 149.05 weeks in group II. The average VAS score in group I decreased by 3.23 points, and the average VAS score in group II decreased by 2.86 points. Approximately 24.3% of group I had side effects, such as dizziness, sleepiness, and gastrointestinal trouble, while 76.7% of patients in group II had side effects. Sixtyseven patients had a neurometer examination before and after the medication, and there is no statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The combination of low-dose pregabalin (pregabalin 150 mg/day) and alpha lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy had a similar clinical effect and less frequent medication side effects than regular dose pregabalin (pregabalin 300 mg/day) and alpha lipoic acid. Therefore, low-dose pregabalin (pregabalin 150 mg/day) and alpha lipoic acid should be considered in treating diabetic neuropathy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1177-1182
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• 2012

Protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in carcinogenesis and displays variable expression profiles during cancer progression. Studies of dietary phytochemicals on cancer signalling pathway regulation have been conducted to search for potent signalling regulatory agents. The present study was designed to evaluate any suppressive effect of maslinic acid on PKC expression in human B-lymphoblastoid cells (Raji cells), and to identify the PKC isoforms expressed. Effects of maslinic acid on PKC activity were determined using a PepTag$^{(R)}$ assay for non-radioactive detection of PKC. The highest expression in Raji cells was obtained at 20 nM PMA induced for 6 hours. Suppressive effects of maslinic acid were compared with those of four PKC inhibitors (H-7, rottlerin, sphingosine, staurosporine) and two triterpenes (oleanolic acid and ursolic acid). The $IC_{50}$ values achieved for maslinic acid, staurosporine, H-7, sphingosine, rottlerin, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were 11.52, 0.011, 0.767, 2.45, 5.46, 27.93 and $39.29\;{\mu}M$, respectively. Four PKC isoforms, PKC ${\beta}I$, ${\beta}II$, ${\delta}$, and ${\zeta}$, were identified in Raji cells via western blotting. Maslinic acid suppressed the expression of PKC ${\beta}I$, ${\delta}$, and ${\zeta}$ in a concentration-dependent manner. These preliminary results suggest promising suppressive effects of maslinic acid on PKC activity in Raji cells. Maslinic acid could be a potent cancer chemopreventive agent that may be involved in regulating many downstream signalling pathways that are activated through PKC receptors.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.294-303
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• 1986

The effects of insecticides on biochemical precesses in soil were studied by determining the effects of the chemical structure of each insecticides on enzyme activities, pesticide residue and total number of bacteria revealed when soil treated with urea was incubated at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}$ for 56 days. The inhibition effects of insectides on enzyme activites in soil decreased in the order: dithiophosphoric acid > thiophosphhoric acid > phosphoric acid > carbamate insecticides for urease and phosphatase, thiophosphoric acid > dithiophosphoric acid > phosphoric acid > carbamate insecticides for L-glutaminase and protease. The inhibition effects of organophophorus insecticides on enzyme activities in soil were maintained longer than those of carbamate insecticides. Carbamate insecticides increased the activities of protease and L-glutaminase at 56 days. When insecticides were treated in soil together with urea, the degradation of insecticides was accelerated. By treatment of insecticides, the total number of bacteria was decreased at the early stage of treatment but thereafter increased according to phosphoric acid and carbamate insecticides.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.341-349
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• 1998

To analyze the effects of surfactants on the biosynthesis of galactolipid and the composition of fatty acids, the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane were cultivated in medium treated with anionic surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (0.002%, LAS), a-olefin sulfonate (O.01%, AOS), and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (0.08%, SLES), respectively. During the cultivation, the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane were isolated from the cells collected at the early and middle phase of the culture and the contents of their fatty acid composition were compared with the control. When treated with surfactants, the contents of total lipid MDGD methylesters, and DGDG methylesters decreased significantly when compared with the control. It was also confirmed that more unsaturated fatty acids were involved in the biosynthesis of galactolipid. The fatty acids utilized in the biosynthesis of MGDG were in the chloroplast envelope and in the control, and linoleic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and oleic acid in AOS, and linolenic acid and oleic acid in SLES. The fatty acids in the biosynthesis of DGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control linolenic acid and stearic acid in LAS, oleic acid and linolenic acid in AOS, oleic acid and linolenic acid in SLES. In the thylakoid membrane, the major fatty acids in the biosynthesis of MGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control, oleic acid and linolenic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and linoleic acid in AOS, linolenic acid and palmitoleic acid in SLES. The fatty acids in the biosynthesis of DGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control, oleic acid and linolenic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and linoleic acid in AOS, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in SLES.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.541-545
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• 2000

This study examines the effects of alginic acid, a source of dietary fiber, in a glucose-derived media. In particular, we examined how the presence or absence of alginic acid affected the differentiation and triglyceride densities of 3T3-L1 cells. We established that the addition of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGE-I) to 3T3-L1 cells results in acceleration of differentiation. We sought to determine the role of alginic acid in the production of fat by adding alginic acid to 3T3-L1 cells and examining its ability to limit or potentiate this stimulatory effects of IGE-I and IGF binding proteins. We have determined that alginic acid restricts 3T3-L1 cell differentiation and the creation of triglycerides, effectively attenuating 3T3-L1 cell metablolism and growth.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 1996

Antiulcer effects of Artemisia herba extract (DA-9601) were evaluated in various types of experimental gastric ulcer induced in rats. And the effects of DA-9601 on mucus, basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion were also investigated in rats. DA-9601 (12.5∼400 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented the formation of gastric ulcers induced by 60% EtOH in 150 mM HC1, restraint water immersion stress, platelet activating factor (PAF), aspirin in 150 mM HCI with Pylorus-ligation and indomethacin. DA-9601 (4∼400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly accelerated the healing rate of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer and significantly stimulated mucus secretion in a dose-dependent manner. DA-9601 (20∼200 mg/kg, i.d.), however, did not inhibit basal gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats and DA-9601 (200 mg/kg, i.d.) failed to influence histamine-, pentagastrin- and carbachol- stimulated gastric acid secretion. These results suggest that DA-9601 has inhibitory action on gastric lesion and ulceration through increasing mucus secretion in the stomach of rats without influencing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1110-1117
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• 2001

Responses of the rumen fungus, Neocallimastix frontalis RE1, to long chain fatty acid (LCFA) were evaluated by measuring gas production, filter paper (FP) cellulose digestion and polysaccharidase enzyme activities. LCFA (stearic acid, $C_{18:0}$; oleic acid, $C_{18:1}$; linoleic acid, $C_{18:2}$ and linolenic acid, $C_{18:3}$) were emulsitied by ultrasonication under anaerobic condition, and added to the medium. When N frontalis RE1 was grown in culture with stearic, oleic and linoleic acid, the cumulative gas production, gas pool size, FP cellulose digestion and enzymes activities significantly (p<0.05) increased at some incubation times(especially, exponential phases of fungal growth, 48~120 h of incubation) relative to that for control cultures. However, the addition of linolenic acid strongly inhibited all of the investigated parameters up to 120 h incubation, but not after 168 and 216 h of incubation. These results indicated that stearic, oleic and linoleic acids tended to have great stimulatory effects on fungal cellulolysis, whereas linolenic acid caused a significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effects on the cellulolysis by the rumen fungus. These results are the first report of the effect of LCFAs on the ruminal fungi. Further research is needed to identify the mode of action of LCFAs on fungal strains and to verify whether or not ruminal fungi have ability to hydrate unsaturated LCFAs to saturated FAs. There was high correlation between cumulative in vitro gas production and fungal growth (94.78%), FP cellulose degradation (96.34%), CMCase activity(90.86%) or xylanase activity (87.67%). Thus measuring of cumulative gas production could be a useful tool for evaluating fungal growth and/or enzyme production by ruminal fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.555-560
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• 1994

In order to observe the effects of the fees mixed with the lard and two vegetable seed oils on the fatty acid compositions of liver and brain tissue, the oils mixed with 2.5% lard and various levels of perilla oil and evening primrose oil were administered to the male rats of the Sprague-Dawley for 4 weeks . In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid, saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents were rich in the phopholiipide and cholesteryl ester fraction. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were rich in the triglyceride fraction and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were rich in the phospholipid fraction. In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid fractions, according as the contents of mixed perilla oil decreased and the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased , n -3 PUFA contents tended to decrease and n-6 PUFA contents tended to increase. Fatty acid composition of liver lipid fractions were influenced from the fatty acid composition of the test lipids. In the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipd, PUFA contents (40%) were rich and according as the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased, the ratio on n-3/n-6 PUFA and eicosapentaenoid acid (EPA) /arachidonic acid (AA) tended to slightly decrease.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.387-396
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• 2001

The effects of ascorbic acid, thiols such as cysteine, n-acetyl-ι-cyteine, glutathione, thiourea, 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiotreithol and organic acids such as magic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, taurine and kojic acid on polyphenol oxidate (PPO) activity were studied in order to establish if it reacts with oxidized product and/or directly inhibits the enzyme. To investigate the mechanism, the quantification of t-butylcatechol and 4-methylcatechol (phenolic compounds) as substates, their oxidized product and sulphydryl colorless additional compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) method. Chromatographic results indicate that ascorbic acid, organic acids and lower level of cysteine reduced oxidized product of substrates back to their respective positions uf ο-diphenols. On the other hand, other thiols and high level of cysteine reacted with oxidative product of ο-diphenols and then produced sulphydryl colorless compounds. Cysteine apperars to have two types of mechanism of actions in the formation of oxidative products of substrates depending on its concentration; ascorbic acid-type and other thiols-types. The effect of ascorbic acid with thiols on polyphenol oxidase was determined by same method. Chromatographic results indicate that ascorbic acid was more reactive with oxidized product of substrates than thiols.