• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.455-462
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• 1998

A survey was conducted on the inorganic and organic solute patterns of plants in connection with nitrate metabolism according to different light regimes (1.9, 16.0, 91.5 $Wm^{-2}$). Besides measuring in vivo NRA, we also quantitatively analyzed ater-soluble inorganic ions, organic acids, low molecular weight carbohydrates, amino aciss and total N (% DW). Among 4 Carex species, C. pilosa is known as shade-adapted species and the others as half (C. gracilis) to full (C. rostrata & C. distans) light-adapted species. Compared to species adapted to high light intensity, shade-adapted C. pilosa showed reduced productivity under the highest light intensity. In general, nitrate and amino acid levels decreased at higher light intensity, while sugar and organic acid concentrations increased. In C. pilosa osmolality tended to rise with increasing light intensity, while in the other species it tended to fall. Under low light intensity, the drop in soluble carbohydrate contents is osmotically compensated for by an enhanced nitrate concentration. It is concluded that competition between nitrate and $CO_2$reduction for reductants and ATP from photosynthesis may have important ecological consequences for the adaptation of plants to low or high light conditions. Additionally, the patterns of ionic changes due to increased light intensities were essentially the same in all selected species, indicating similar characteristics of heir mineral ion and organic acid metabolism as well as in field-grown Carex species.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2008

The treatment of a model wastewater containing quinoline in an integrated wet oxidation-aerobic biological treatment was investigated. Partial wet oxidation under mild operating conditions was capable of converting the original quinoline to biodegradable organic acids such as nicotinic, formic and acetic acid, the solution of which was subjected to the subsequent aerobic biological treatment. The wet oxidation was carried out at 250$^{\circ}C$ and the initial pH of 7.0, and led to effluents of which nicotinic acid was oxidized through 6-hydroxynicotinic acid by a Bacillus species in the subsequent aerobic biological treatment. Either homogeneous catalyst of $CuSO_4$ or phenol, which is more degradable in the wet oxidation compared to quinoline, was also used for increasing the oxidation rate in the wet oxidation of quinoline at 200$^{\circ}C$. The oxidation of quinoline in the catalytic wet oxidation and the wet co-oxidation with phenol resulted in effluents of which nicotinic acid was biodegradable earlier in the aerobic biological treatment compared to those out of the non-catalytic wet oxidation at 250$^{\circ}C$. However, the lag phase in the biodegradation of nicotinic acid formed out of the wet oxidation at 250$^{\circ}C$ was considerably shortened after the adaptation of Bacillus species used in the aerobic biological treatment with the effluents of the quinoline wet oxidation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2013

Objective: This study inspected incident cases, legal control levels, and GHS(Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals) classification results of strong acids such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, which have been responsible for many recent chemical accidents. As a result, it is deemed necessary for legal control levels of these strong acids to be revised and GHS classification be managed nation-wide. Methods: This study inspected incident cases and legal control levels for strong acids such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. The study analyzed and compared chemical information status and GHS classification results. Results: There were 76 domestic incidents involving strongly acidic hazardous materials over the five years between 2007 and 2011. They include 37 leakage incidents(46.7%) within a workplace, 30 leakage incidents(39.5%) during transportation, and nine leakage incidents(13.8%) following an explosion. The strongly acidic materials in question are defined and controlled as toxic chemicals according to the classes of Substances Requiring Preparation for Accidents, Managed Hazardous Substance, Hazardous Chemical(corrosive) as set forth under the Enforcement Decree of the Toxic Chemicals Control Act and Rules on Occupational Safety and Health Standards of Occupational Safety and Health Act. Among them, nitric acid is solely controlled as a class 6 hazardous material, oxidizing liquid, under the Hazardous Chemicals Control Act. The classification results of the EU ECHA(European Chemicals Agency) CLP(Commission Regulation(EC) No. 790/2009 of 10 August 2009, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation(EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures) and NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research) are almost identical for the three chemicals, with the exception of sulfuric acid. Much of the classification information of NITE (National Institute of Technology and Evaluation) and KOSHA(Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, KOSHA) is the same. NIER provides 12(41.4%) out of 29 classifications, as does KOSHA.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 2006

Pseudomonas putida KL47 is a natural isolate that assimilates benzene, 1-alkylbenzene $(C_1-C_4)$, biphenyl, p-cumate, and p-cymene. The genetic background of strain KL47 underlying the broad range of growth substrates was examined. It was found that the cym and cmt operons are constitutively expressed due to a lack of the cymR gene, and the tod operon is still inducible by toluene and biphenyl. The entire array of gene clusters responsible for the catabolism of toluene and p-cymene/p-cumate has been cloned in a cosmid vector, pLAFR3, and were named pEK6 and pEK27, respectively. The two inserts overlap one another and the nucleotide sequence (42,505 bp) comprising the cym, cmt, and tod operons and its flanking genes in KL47 are almost identical (>99 %) to those of P. putida F1. In the cloned DNA fragment, two genes with unknown functions, labeled cymZ and cmtR, were newly identified and show high sequence homology to dienelactone hydrolase and CymR proteins, respectively. The cmtR gene was identified in the place of the cmtI gene of previous annotation. Western blot analysis showed that, in strains F1 and KL47, the todT gene is not expressed during growth on Luria Bertani medium. In minimal basal salt medium, expression of the todT gene is inducible by toluene, but not by biphenyl in strain F1; however, it is constantly expressed in strain KL47, indicating that high levels of expression of the todST genes with one amino acid substitution in TodS might provide strain KL47 with a means of adaptation of the tod catabolic operon to various aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.228-233
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• 2001

The acid tolerance response (ATR) of log-phase Salmouella enterica seroyar Typhimurium is induced by acid adaptation below pH4.5 and will protect cells against more severe acid. Two distinctive ATR systems in thisorganism are a log-phase and stationary-phase ATR in which acid adaptations trigger the synthesis of acid shockproteins (ASPs). We found that log-phase ATR system was strongly affected by environmental factor, low tem-perature, $25^{\circ}C$. Exposure to low temperature and mild acid has been shown to increase acid survival dra-matically, and this survival rate was showed higher than $37^{\circ}C$. Especially unadapted cells at $25^{\circ}C$ presented tenthousand folds survival increasing when compared with cells at $37^{\circ}C$. The degree of acid tolerance of rpoSwhich is blown to be required for acid tolerance more increase than $37^{\circ}C$. Even though AIR pattern of rpoSbetween unadapted and adapted was showed similar at pH 3.1, rpoS-dependent ATR system also has beendetected in low temperature because rpoSAp prevents sustained acid survival at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore the resultssuggest low temperature ATR system requires rpoS-dependent and -independent both. To investigate the basisfor low temperature related ATR system, gene that was participated for low temperature acid tolerance (lat) wasscreened in virulent S. enterica serovar Typhimurium UKl Using the technique of P22- MudJ (Km, lacZ)-directed lacZ operon fusion, LF452 latA‥‥MudJ was isolated. The latA‥‥MudJ of S. enterica Typhimurium pre-vented low temperature acid tolerance response. Therefore latA is considered one of the important genes for acidadaptation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.962-970
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ruminal infusion of garlic oil (GO) on fermentation dynamics, fatty acid (FA) profile, and abundance of bacteria involved in biohydrogenation in the rumen. Six wethers fitted with ruminal fistula were assigned to two groups for cross-over design with a 14-d interval. Each 30-d experimental period consisted of a 27-d adaptation and a 3-d sample collection. Goats were fed a basal diet without (control) or with GO ruminal infusion (0.8 g/d). Ruminal contents collected before (0 h) and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after morning feeding were used for fermentation analysis, and 0 h samples were further used for FA determination and DNA extraction. Garlic oil had no influence on dry matter intakes of concentrate and hay. During ruminal fermentation, GO had no effects on total VFA concentration and individual VFA molar proportions, whereas GO increased the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein (p<0.05). Compared with control, GO group took a longer time for total VFA concentration and propionate molar proportion to reach their respective maxima after morning feeding. The ratio of acetate to propionate in control reduced sharply after morning feeding, whereas it remained relatively stable in GO group. Fatty acid analysis showed that GO reduced saturated FA proportion (p<0.05), while increasing the proportions of C18, t11-18:1 (TVA), c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA), t10,c12-CLA, and polyunsaturated FA (p<0.05). The values of TVA/(c9,t11-CLA+TVA) and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) were reduced by GO (p<0.05). Real-time PCR showed that GO tended to reduce Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus abundance (p = 0.058), whereas GO had no effect on total abundance of the Butyrivibrio group bacteria. A low correlation was found between B. proteoclasticus abundance and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) (p = 0.910). The changes of fermentation over time suggested a role of GO in delaying the fermentation process and maintaining a relatively modest change of ruminal environment. The inhibitory effects of GO on the final step of biohydrogenation may be related to its antibacterial activity against B. proteoclasticus and other unknown bacteria involved.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.666-672
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low temperature-adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y297 and fermentation temperatures on the quality of Yakju brewed. Physicochemical properties of Yakju brewed were compared pH, total acidity, ethanol, free amino acid, organic acid contents, and volatile flavor compounds in S. cerevisiae Y297 with control treatment. Cooked non-glutinous rice and saccharogenic amylase in koji were mixed with ethanol-producing yeasts and then fermented at $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Yakju brewed using the Y297 treatment showed the highest ethanol yield (17.9%) at $20^{\circ}C$. Expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 104 was evaluated by immunoblotting as an indication of adaptation to low temperatures ($15^{\circ}C$); levels of the HSP104 protein were higher in the Y297 treatment than in the control. Organic acid analysis showed that the lactic acid content of Yakju brewed using the control was the highest at $25^{\circ}C$. Finally, free amino acid analysis showed that the Y297 treatment had a higher proportion of essential amino acids than the control. Overall, these results indicate that S. cerevisiae Y297 could be used as a suitable yeast for Yakju brewed under low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) condition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.976-982
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• 2016

Seaweed has high growth rate, low land usage, high CO₂ absorption and no competition for food resources. Therefore, the use of lignin-free seaweed as a raw material is arising as a third generation biomass for bioethanol production. Various pretreatment techniques have been introduced to enhance the overall hydrolysis yield, and can be categorized into physical, chemical, biological, enzymatic or a combination. Thermal acid hydrolysis pretreatment is one of the most popular methods to attain high sugar yields from seaweed biomass for economic reasons. At thermal acid hydrolysis conditions, the 3,6-anhydro-galactose (AHG) from biomass could be converted to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which might inhibit the cell growth and decrease ethanol production. AHG is prone to decomposition into HMF, due to its acid-labile character, and subsequently into weak acids such as levulinic acid and formic acid. These inhibitors can retard yeast growth and reduce ethanol productivity during fermentation. Thus, the carbohydrates in seaweed require effective treatment methods to obtain a high concentration of monosaccharides and a low concentration of inhibitor HMF for ethanol fermentation. The efficiency of bioethanol production from the seaweed biomass hydrolysate is assessed by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). To improve the efficiency of the ethanol fermentation of mixed monosaccharides, the adaptation of yeast to high concentration of sugar could make simultaneous utilization of mixed monosaccharides for the production of ethanol from seaweed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1204-1212
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• 2024

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of high moisture ear corn (HMEC) on production performance, milk fatty acid composition, serum antioxidant status, and immunity in primiparous dairy cows. Methods: A total of 45 healthy primiparous Holstein cows (36.50±4.30 kg of milk/d, 201±9.00 lactating days in milk) were sorted into 3 groups: control group (CG, n = 15); 50% HMEC (replacing 50% steam-flaked corn with HMEC, n = 15); and 100% HMEC (replacing steam-flaked corn with HMEC, n = 15) on an equal dry matter (DM) basis. The study consisted of adaptation period of 14 days, followed by a formal period of 60 days. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Milk and blood samples were collected on 1, 30, and 60 d of the experimental period. Results: The 50% HMEC group and 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) milk yield and DM intake in dairy cows compared to the control group (CG). The 100% HMEC group showed an increase (p<0.05) in 4% fat-corrected milk (4% FCM). Both the 50% HMEC group and 100% HMEC group exhibited significant decreases (p<0.05) in the content of C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 fatty acids, along with a significant increase (p<0.05) in cis-9C18:1 content. The saturated fatty acid content was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the 50% HMEC and 100% HMEC groups than that of CG. Conversely, the monounsaturated fatty acid content was higher (p<0.05) in the 50% HMEC and 100% HMEC groups than that in CG. Notably, the 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) the serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase content, while also decreasing the serum malondialdehyde content (p<0.05). Moreover, the 100% HMEC group significantly increased (p<0.05) the content of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Conclusion: High moisture ear corn could improve production performance and milk fatty acid levels and enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity in dairy cows. These results lay the foundation for the wider application of HMEC in ruminant animal diets.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.980-985
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the acetic-acid fermentation properties of apple juice (initial alcohol content, apple juice concentration, acetic-acid content, and inoculum size) in flask scale. At the acetic-acid fermentation of apple juice with 3, 5, 7, and 9% initial alcohol content, the maximum acidity after 10-day fermentation was 5.88% when the initial alcohol content was 5%. The acetic-acid fermentation did not proceed normally when the initial alcohol content was 9%. When the initial Brix was $1^{\circ}$, the acidity gradually increased, and the acidity after 12-day acetic-acid fermentation was 4.48%. Above 4% acidity was attained faster when the apple juice concentration was 5 and 10 $^{\circ}Brix$ than when it was 1 and 14 $^{\circ}Brix$. When the initial acidity was 1% or above (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%), the acetic-acid fermentation proceeded normally. The acetic-acid fermentation also proceeded normally when the inoculum sizes were 10 and 15%, and the acidity after eight-day acetic-acid fermentation was 5.60 and 6.05%, respectively. Therefore, the following were considered the optimal acetic-acid fermentation conditions for apple cider vinegar: 5% initial alcohol content, 5 $^{\circ}Brix$ or above apple juice concentration, 1.0% or above initial acidity, and 10% or above inoculum size. Apple cider vinegar with above 5% acidity can be produced within 48 h under the following acetic-acid fermentation conditions: 7% initial alcohol content, about 1% initial acidity, and 10% inoculum volume at $30^{\circ}C$, 30 rpm, and 1.0 vvm, using 14 $^{\circ}Brix$ apple juice in a mini-jar fermentor as a pre-step for industrial-scale adaptation.