• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.429-437
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• 2000

Contributions of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person variance in 13 nutrients were examined to develop a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the Korean elderly using dietary data collected by a semiquantitative FFQ with 96 food items. The contributions of specific foods to 90% absolute nutrient intake were measured by assessing their percentage to the total consumption of a nutrient by our samples(n=98). To assess the contribution of the foods to the between-person variance in intake of each specific nutrient, stepwise multiple regression was performed. Cumulative R2 served as the measure of contribution to variation in intake. The most important food source of absolute intake was rice for energy and protein. Important foods of between person variance contribution include bread for energy and pork for protein. Important foods of absolute and variance contribution of nutrient intake were similar for fat(noodles including jajangmyun and kalguksu), calcium(anchovy and milk) and vitamin A (carrot). The number of foods necessary to account for the variation in nutrient intake among older people in Korea differ considerably by nutrient: 18 - 43 and 8-26 foods were accounted for the respective 90 and 80% of absolute intake depending on nutrients. Carbohydrates and vitamin A and C had relatively a few major sources, thus may be assessed well by a small number of foods. Conversely, iron, potassium and B vitamins appear to need longer lists of foods. Fewer numbeer (6 - 12 and 4 - 9) of foods were required for the corresponding percentages of between-person variation for all nutrients. Depending on nutrients, 0.980-0.995 and 0.924-0.987 were respective correlation coefficients of nutrient intakes measured by 96 food items with those by lists of foods for 90% and 80% of absolute intake contribution. These findings suggest that an incomplete food list on the basis of its contribution to absolute and between person variation intakes may still be effective in discriminating among individuals. The results of this study may be useful in the design and use of dietary questionnaire.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.882-889
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine contribution of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person variation in nutrients consumed by 2037 adults living in Korean rural area using one day 24-hour recall method. To measure contribution of food to absolute nutrient intake, all foods consumed were ranked by percentages calculated as the sum of the nutrient intake contributed by a given food divided by the total nutrient intake from al categories. To assess between-person variability in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regression analysis was used with total nutrient intake from al foods as the dependent variable and the nutrient amount from each of all foods as independent variables. The kind and the number of foods necessary to account for the variation in nutrient intake among persons varied significantly depending on the nutrient. The nutrients contributing more than 80% of total intake with a few number of food items were ${\beta}$-carotene(ll), vitamin C(15) and vitamin A(16). Foods sometimes overlooked as important sources were found in some instances to be quantitatively important to population intake. Even though rice and Korean cabbage kimchi do not contain much nutrients in quantity, they made a major contribution to most nutrient intake of subjects because of large serving size and high frequency of intake. The food items and contributing order for between person variance was different from those of absolute intake. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population was explained by a small number of foods. Fewer foods were required to explain a given proportion of the between-person variance in intake than to account for the same proportion of the popylation\`s total intake. These data may be useful in the development of dietary assessment instrument and in nutrition education. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 882-889, 2000)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze specific foods influencing absolute nutrient intake and between-person variations of nutrient intake among Korean preschoolers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 2,766 participants aged 1-5 years in the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a 24-h dietary recall method. Major food sources of absolute nutrient intake were evaluated based on percent contribution of each food. To assess the contribution of specific foods to between-person variations in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regressions were performed and cumulative $R^2$ was used. RESULTS: White rice and milk were main food sources of energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. The percentage of fat contributed by milk was 21.3% which was the highest, followed by pork, soybean oil, and egg. White rice accounted for 25% and 40% of total variability in total energy and carbohydrate intakes, respectively. About 39% of variation in calcium intake was explained by milk while 40% of variation in phosphorous intake was explained by cheese. The top 10 foods contributing to between-person variations in nutrient intakes were similar with food items that mainly contributed to absolute nutrient intakes. The number of foods explaining 90% of absolute amounts of nutrient intakes varied from 28 for vitamin A to 80 for iron. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified specific foods that contributed to absolute nutrient intakes and between-person variations in nutrient intakes among Korean preschoolers. Our findings can be used to develop dietary assessment tools and establish food-based dietary guidelines for young children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.892-900
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• 1995

Dietary data of 538 middle school students have been analysed to identify the contribution of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person-variance in nutrient consumption. The 24-hour-dietary-recall method had been used to collect the data required. Contribution of specific foods, in terms of ranking order for both absolute intake and between-person-variance have been observed. Ranking order of food for absolute intake was given based on the percen of contribution whereas the ranking order of foods for between-person-variance was given based on the percent of contribution whereas the ranking order of foods for between-person-variance was given based on a coefficient fo variation. As a result, for most of the nutrients(except cholesterol), the ranking order of foods for the between-person-variance was quite different from that of absolute intake. The results indicate that to identify between-person-variance of nutrient intake in an epidemiology study, foods with a high ranking in between-person-variance should be included in developing the food frequency questionnaires rather than foods which showed a high ranking in absolute intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.250-262
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop a simple flood frequency questionnaire (FFQ) based on the results of contributions of specific floods to absolute intake and between-person variance in nutrients using semi-quantitative FFQ with 93 flood items. The subjects were 554 healthy adults for development of a simple FFQ, and 37 students for a validation test of a developed simple FFQ. The contribution of specific floods to 80% absolute nutrient intake was measured by assessing their percentage in total consumption of a nutrient. To assess the contributions of floods to the between-person variance in the intake of each specific nutrient, stepwise multiple regressions were performed. The number of floods necessary to account for the respective 80% of absolute intake was 11-36, depending on the nutrient, while flower floods (5-16 floods) were required for the corresponding percentage of between-person variation for all nutrients. Important floods for between-person variance include Tangsuyuk (pork) and snacks for energy and fat, fish for protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and snacks for carbohydrates. Spearman correlation coefficients between 93-itemed FFQ and 63-itemed FFQ ranged from 0.91 for vitamin A to 0.99 for fat in the population data used in developing a simple FFQ. Also, the correlation coefficients between the two FFQs were 0.82-7.92 in the population for the validation test. This study suggests that useful information on dietary intake could be obtained using a simple semi-quantitative FFQ in a large-scale dietary survey in Korea.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.286-293
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• 2004

The air fuel ratios of current gasoline engines are almost controlled by several air flow meters. When CVVT (Continuous Variable Valve Timing) is applied to a gasoline engine for higher engine performance, the MAP (Manifold Absolute Pressure) sensor is difficult to follow the instantaneous air fuel ratio due to the valve timing effect. Therefore, a HFM (Hot Film Flow Meter) is widely used for measuring intake air flow in this case. However, the HFMs are incapable of indicating to reverse flow, the oscillation of intake air flow has an negative effect on the precision of the HFM. Consequently, the various duct configurations in front of the air flow sensor affect the precision of HFM sensitivity. This paper mainly focused on the analysis of the reverse flow, flow fluctuation in throttle upstream and the geometry of intake system which influence the HFM measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.161-167
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• 2001

This paper presents an approach to nonlinear engine idle controller and intake manifold absolute pressure(MAP) observer based on mean torque production model. A stable engine idle speed is important in that the unstable engine Idle mode can make engine to drooping or stall state. A sliding fuzzy controller has been designed to control engine idle speed under load disturbance. A sliding observer is also developed to estimate the intake manifold absolute pressure and compared with the actual MAP sensor value. The sliding mode observer has shown good robustness and good tracking performance. The inputs of sliding fuzzy controller are the errors of rpm and MAP. The output is a duty cycle(DC) for driving a idle speed control valve(ISCV).

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of supplementation of mulberry powder, mulberry extract and silkworm powder during the 8 weeks of resistance exercise on muscle increase of rats. Fifty males, Sprague-Dawley rat, were randomly divided into 5 groups: CON(control group, n = 10), REG(resistance exercise group, n = 10), MP REG(mulberry powder intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10), ME REG(mulberry extract intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10) and SP REG(silkworm powder intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10). After climbing the ladder without weights during the 1 week of adaptation period, the rats in the resistance exercise group were trained to climb a 0.98-m vertical(80 degree incline) ladder with weights in their tail during 7 weeks(10 times each day, 2 days per week). After exercise, the skeletal muscle was extracted from the flexor hallucis longus. The absolute weight of skeletal muscle was measured by the electronic balance and the relative weight of skeletal muscle about the weight was calculated. The strength and density of legs muscle were analyzed by the computed tomography scan. After 8 weeks of resistance exercise, the absolute weight of skeletal muscle wasn't significant, but it increased in MP REG 8%, ME REG 8% and SP REG 10% compared to REG. The relative weight of skeletal muscle increased significantly in SP REG compared to REG (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant increase of density and strength of the forelegs in SP REG compared to CON (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant increase of density and strength of the hind legs. In conclusion, regular resistance exercise made rats muscle increase and there was more muscle increase effected by providing silkworm.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.639-644
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• 2009

The aim of this study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Rhizoma Dioscoreae on the gastric mucosal lesions induced by alcohol in rats. Experimental groups were treated by oral infusion with Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract at the dose of 0.03465 g/ml(OA-RD1 group), 0.0693 g/ml(OA-RD2 group), and 0.1386 g/ml(OA-RD3 group), while D.W group was administrated with the distilled water and control group did not pretreated. Experimental groups pretreated for 14 days, and given orally 1 ml of 75% alcohol two times(30min interval). The animals were killed 1hr 30min after alcohol treatment, and measured rats body weight, absolute stomach weight, relative stomach weight, SOD activity, glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity, observed gastric mucosal lesions. The body weight was unremarkable changed. In once as dose intake group's absolute stomach weight was increased and In once as dose intake group, twice as dose intake group's relative stomach weight was increased. SOD activity, glutathione peroxidase activity in twice as dose intake group is remarkably increased. Light microscopy Observations of congestion, hemorrhage, and erosion in gastric mucosal lesions were shown severely in control group than OA-RD1, OA-RD2, OA-RD3. These results suggest that the proposed gastroprotective effect may involve activation of antioxidant effect. And Twice as dose is especially effective.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different nutrient databases in estimating nutrient intake. A nutrient survey with Food Frequency Questionnaire containing 65 food items was conducted with 2,426 subjects over 30 years of age living in Yeonchon-gun, Kyungki province. The nutrient intakes were first estimated by using one (A) nutrient database which was based on the Korean Food Composition Table, 4th edition. With the other (B) nutrient database which was based on the Korean RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances) 6th edition, it was reestimated and two resu1ts were compared. For most nutrients except carbohydrate, calcium, vitamin C and $eta$-carotene, mean nutrient intake level estimated from database B was significantly higher than that from database A(p<0.05). Mean intake level of most nutrients from two databases were significantly correlated by Pearson's correlation coefficients(p<0.001). Results from the ranking of nutrient intake levels of the subjects by two databases were highly correlated ( P >0.9, p<0.001). Weighted kappa values representing measures of agreement ranged from 0.55 databases ranged from 45% for vitamin C to 96% for carbohydrate. This result implies that different nutrient database may produce substantial differences in estimating the absolute nutrient intake but may not be crucial in ranking or classifying individuals with regard to specific nutrient intake.