• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.166-170
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• 1999

The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) has the potential to enhance the efficiency of im- proving food processing traits of soybean. In this study, 92 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci and two morphological markers (W$_1$ and T) were used to identify QTL associated with food processing traits of soybean for sprout in 83 F$_2$-derived lines from a cross of ＇Pureun＇ x ＇Jinpum 2＇. The genetic map consisted of 76 loci which covered about 760 cM and converged into 20 linkage groups. Eighteen markers remained unlinked. Phenotypic data were collected for hypocotyl length, abnormal seedling rate, and sprout yield seven days after seed germination at 2$0^{\circ}C$. Based on the single-factor analysis of variance, eight independent markers were associated with hypocotyl length. Four of seven markers associated with abnormal seedling rate were identified as independent. Seven loci were associated with sprout yield. For three different traits, much of genetic variation was explained by the identified QTL in this population. Several RFLP markers in linkage group (LG) Bl were detected as being associated with three traits, providing a genetic explanation for the biological correlation of sprout yield with hypocotyl length (r=OA07＊＊＊) and with abnormal seedling rate (r=-406＊＊＊).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1962

1) Germination rate was rather irregular than decreasing as increasing dose of radiation and there were no differences between Kyong-Sam and Chuong-Bang of Chinese cabbage. 2) In R1 generation, abnormal leaves from seedling of irradiated seeds were observed. These were more apparent in X-ray irradiation than in thermal neutron. 3) Seedling height was inhibited with increasing dose of X-ray and thermal neutrons. Growth inhibition was more remarkable in X-ray than in thermal neutron. Kyong-Sam demonstrated more sensitivity than Chyong-Bang in both X-ray and thermal neutron. 4) Seedling height produced from seeds subjected to thermal neutrons showed small variation around its mean value, while in X-irradiation there was a greater deviaton from the mean value. 5) Fertility was decreased as increasing with dose, while the frequency of abortive pollen was increased. There were variability of the fertility and frequency of abortive pollen among plants or branches of a plant. 6) The mutants were obtained more in thermal neutron irradiation than in X-ray. The types of mutations obtained in Chinese radish of R2 generation were abnormal leaf, densely glowing leaf, degeneration in growing point and dwarf. The maximum frequency of phenotypic mutations was abnormal leaf mutation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2010

A high sugar rice cultivar 'Danmi' which has been recently developed and released in the Functional Crop Resource Development Division, Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, has high glucose and sucrose contents but has a poor seed development. This defect poses some problem in ensuring stable seedling establishment in the nursery bed. We examined the germination and seedling emergence characteristics of 'Danmi' and determined an optimum seeding rate for seedling establishment. 'Danmi' seeds has a light 1,000-grain weight of 18.2g compared with Ilmibyeo's 26.7g. The 97.4% of 'Danmi' seeds has specific gravity below 1.0 while only 2.0% of seeds was fully developed with specific gravity above 1.12. However, the reverse is true in the Ilmibyeo seed used as a control cultivar. Although the seed germination of Danmi was 89-91% regardless of seed specific gravity but at a slower rate than Ilmibyeo regardless of water soaking temperatures of $20-30^{\circ}C$ because of high seed amount of specific gravity below 1.0 in 'Danmi'. It took 2～4 days longer of seed soaking in the Danmi seeds than Ilmibyeo before germination. 'Danmi' has low normal seedling emergence rate than Ilmibyeo in the seedbed soil due to high percentage of abnormal seedlings like stunting and incomplete growth. Normal seedling emergence rate of 'Danmi' in the seedbed was 62.6～64.9% for 10-day old seedling and 83.5～86.7% for 30-day old seedling which is lower by 29.6～30.0% and 11.3～12%, respectively than Ilmibyeo. Although 'Danmi' has low normal seedling emergence rate, but it has greater seed number per weight basis. Therefore, based on the normal seedling number per unit area of Ilmibyeo(control cultivar) for seedling rate of 10-day and 30-day old seedlings, the recommended seeding rate of 'Danmi' for transplanting rice is 220g seeds for 10-day old seedling and 130g for 30-day old seedling per nursery box, which is equivalent to 1.5 times seed volumes of Ilmibyeo.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.810-817
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• 2010

We observed abnormal morphology of cotyledons occurring in seedlings derived from open-pollinated and cross-pollinated tetraploid grapes and selected aneuploids, especially hypo- and hyper-tetraploid in seedlings with abnormal morphology of cotyledons. Five types of morphologically abnormal cotyledons were observed. In open-pollination of four tetraploid grapes, the frequency of abnormal cotyledons was 1.6% (49 of 3029 seeds). Percentage of aneuploids in the seedlings of abnormal cotyledons was 20.4% (10 of 49 seedlings). Aneuploids in open-pollination consisted of three (4n = 4x-2), four (4n = 4x-1), and three (4n = 4x+1) seedlings. In cross-pollination of tetraploids, the frequency of abnormal cotyledons was 3.4% (59 of 1729 seeds). Percentage of aneuploids in the seedlings with abnormal cotyledons was 22.0% (13 of 59 seedlings). Aneuploids from cross-pollination of tetraploids consisted of two (4n = 4x-2), nine (4n = 4x-1), one (4n = 4x+1), and one (4n = 4x+3) seedlings. According to the results, although the abnormal cotyledon morphology of seedlings obtained from crossing between tetraploid grapes appeared at low rate (2.3%), aneuploid seedlings occurred at high rate (22.0%); therefore, it indicated that this selection strategy might be very efficient in the initial seedling stage.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

Climate change affects plant responses on physiological characteristics and growth, and Pinus densiflora, one of the major tree species in Korea, are expected to be particularly vulnerable to rising temperature and increased precipitation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of an open-field warming and precipitation manipulation on physiological characteristics and growth of P. densiflora seedlings. Seedlings of 2-year-old P. densiflora were planted in April, 2013, in open-field nursery located at Korea University. The air temperature of warmed plots had been set to be $3^{\circ}C$ higher than the control plots using infrared lamps. Precipitation was manipulated to be 30% lower or higher than the control, using transparent panels and drip irrigation. Net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll content, seedling height, root collar diameter and biomass were measured from April, 2014 to April, 2015. The increase in new shoot biomass from warming was statistically significant, with the biomass in warmed plots about 2-fold higher than in the control plots in 2014 and 2015. This result might be related to advanced bud burst and increased occurrence of abnormal new shoots in warmed plots. Meanwhile, the results of net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll content, seedling height, root collar diameter and total biomass from warming and precipitation manipulation were not statistically significant, but tendencies of lower net photosynthetic rate and higher seedling height and biomass in warmed plots compared to the control were shown. Such might be speculated as results of the extended growth period. When root to shoot (R/S) ratio was calculated from the biomass data obtained in April 2014 and April 2015, increased R/S ratio was observed regardless of the treatments applied. Drought tolerance of P. densiflora and particularly low annual precipitation observed in 2014 were suggested as the possible reasons.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.439-447
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• 2010

Riptortus clavatus, one of the many insects in major crops, damages pods and seeds, which reduces seed vigor and viability in soybeans. This study was conducted to examine the effect of diversely damaged seeds by R. clavatus on seed germination and seedling emergence and to determine the association of damaged seed with quality and yield of soybean sprouts. All seeds damaged by R. clavatus significantly (P<0.05) reduced seed vigor as measured by the rates of seed germination, germination speed, and seedling emergence. Mean seed germination rate of non-damaged seeds in sprout-soybean varieties was 97.8%, whereas the rates of seeds damaged at different levels, 31-50% and 51-80%, were 23.0 and 5.4%, respectively. The rates of seedling rot and abnormal, incomplete germination significantly (P<0.05) increased as the amount of seeds damaged by R. clavatus increased to 5, 10 and 15% against the total seeds for sprout production. Yield of soybean sprouts from seeds damaged at different levels decreased up to 13% as compared to that in normal seeds. In customer preferences on soybean sprout produce, 84% of customers participated in survey preferred to purchase sprouts from seeds with 5% of damaged seeds, but sprouts produced from seeds with 15% of damaged seeds were intended to purchase only by 22% of the customers. Areas of the seed damaged by R. clavatus were readily infected by pathogens as the seed germinated, resulted in deteriorated quality and reduced yield of sprout produce.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.149-154
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• 1990

Various rates of 2, 4-2 were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as fouler spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticeable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2, 4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 mil 10a). Neither abnormal fouler change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2, 4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2, 4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2, 4-D application and plant growth was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2, 4-D, how- ever the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppd ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 2i-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2, 4.D fouler application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2, 4-D fouler treatment. The herbicide 2, 4-D was appreciated to 2, 3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as fouler spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2, 4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng, There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2, 4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2, 4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced b). application of 2, 4-D concentrated 2 times of the recommended dosage. Application time of the herbicide 2, 4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2, 3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2, 4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and deceleration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovere d in a few day.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.291-296
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• 1990

Various rates of 2,4-D were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as foliar spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2,4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 ml/10a). Neither abnormal foliar change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2,4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2,4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2,4-D application and plant you was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2,4-D, however the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppm ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 21-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2,4-D foliar application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2,4-D foliar treatment. The herbicide 2,4-D was applicated to 2,3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as foliar spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2,4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng. There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2,4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2,4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced by application of 2,4-D concenrated 2 times of the recommended dosage, Application time of the herbicide 2,4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2,3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2,4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and docoration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovered in a few day s. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, 2,4-D , herbicide.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.473-479
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• 1994

A seed coating system was developed to screen non-viable seeds in the Brassicaceae. The crops studied were radish, chinese cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and brussel sprout. Sinapine leaked more from artificially deteriorated seeds than non-deteriorated seeds. Seed coating with cellulose was to trap the sinapine leakage in the non-viable Brassicaceae vegetable seeds. The seeds were first hydrated, then coated with cellulose powder to capture the leakage. Coated seeds were dried, then sorted two fractions-fluorescent seeds and non-fluorescent seeds under the UV light. The ratio of the fluorescent seeds were higher in bad seedlot than good one. The germination rate were increased 3∼35% by eliminating the fluorescent seeds in tested Brassica vegetable seeds. Sowing non-fluorescent seeds resulted in a greater percent normal seedling than non-coated seeds in all seedlots. The fluorescent seeds contained a high percentage of the dead and abnormal seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 1995

This study was carried out to select the useful mutants among 20 lines treated with mutagen, gamma ray. These materials were treated with 15, 20, 25 and 30Krads, respectively and sowed at experimental field of College of Agriculture on 27th May, 1995. Items surveyed were germination rate and loss of chlorophyll at seedling stages, abnormal reproductive organs, discordance of flowering times and stem and ear height at ripening stages. The germination rate of lines treated with 15 Krad was different. The germination rate of the IK1, IK2 and Sinki lines were high, while the IK3, A632 and FR140 lines were very low. At same dose level, the germination rate of both IK1/H26 and Puyo synthetic variety were different; the germination rate of the IK1/H26 was high as above 70% at all treatments, while that of the Puyo synthetic variety was very poor at above 20 Krad. Generally stem adn ear height of the IK1/H26 were gradually decreased as the dose of mutagen increased, but there was no difference in stem and ear height of the IK1/H26 when this line was treated with 20Krad. The stem and ear height of lines treated with 15 Krad were shown to be decreased than those of check with non-treatment. The number of tiller of tillering lines were not greatly affected by ${\gamma}$-ray treatment.