• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2022

Background: Shoulder external rotation exercises are commonly used to improve the stabilizing ability of the infraspinatus. However, during exercise, excessive activation of the posterior deltoid compared to the infraspinatus causes the humeral head to move anteriorly in an abnormal position. Many researchers have emphasized selective activation of the infraspinatus during shoulder external rotation exercise. Objects: This study aims to delineate the optimal exercise method for selective activation of infraspinatus by investigating the muscle activities of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid according to the four shoulder exercise methods and two forearm positions. Methods: Thirty healthy individuals participated in this study. The participants were instructed to perform shoulder external rotation exercises following four exercise methods: sitting external rotation (SIER); standing external rotation at 90° abduction (STER); prone external rotation at 90° abduction (PRER); side-lying external rotation (SLER), and two forearm positions (neutral, supinated). The electromyography (EMG) signal amplitude was measured during each exercise. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and biceps brachii. Results: EMG results of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid in PRER, were significantly higher than that of the other exercises (p < 0.01). The EMG ratio (infraspinatus/posterior deltoid) in SIER was significantly higher than that of the other exercises. EMG activation of the posterior deltoid in SIER, PRER, and SLER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the EMG of the infraspinatus in SIER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.01). The EMG ratio (infraspinatus/ posterior deltoid) in SIER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.05.) Contrarily EMG ratios in PRER and SLER were significantly higher in supinated than in neutral (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results show that clinicians should consider these exercise methods and forearm positions when planning shoulder external rotation exercises for optimal shoulder rehabilitation.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 천마(Gastrodia elata)추출물의 분획과 butanol 분획층의 연속적인 silicagel column chromatography를 통하여 유효성 분인 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 1. bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane 2. gastrodin(4-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol) 3을 분리하였다. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol 1과 gastrodin(4-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol) 3은 tyrosinase에 대한 저해작용은 없으나 B16 melanoma 세포의 melanin 새성을 억제한다는 것을 발견하였다. Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane 2 ($IC_{50}$/ = 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL)은 arbutin ($IC_{50}$/ = 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) 보다 약 $\frac{1}{4}$의 tyrosinase 활성 저해작용을 나타내었지만 B16 melanoma 세포의 melanin 생성 억제는 오히려 arbutin 보다 높게 나왔다. 또한 butanol 분획층 ($IC_{50}$/ = 46$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL)의 tyrosinase에 대한 활성 저해 작용이 arbutin ($IC_{50}$/ = 114 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL)보다 높은 억제 작용을 나타내었고 B16 melanoma 세포의 melanin 생성 억제도 arbutin 보다 높게 나왔다. 특히 butanol 분획층으로부터 분리된 페놀성 혼합물 ($IC_{50}$/ = 2.37 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL)은 arbutin 보다 약 50배 가까운 매운 높은 tyrosinase 활성 억제 작용을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 천마추출물로부터 분리된 유효성분들이 tyrosinase에 대한 저해작용 뿐만 아니라 B16 melanoma 세포의 melanin 생성을 억제하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.131-138
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• 1974

成熟한 Sprague-Dawley 系의 雄性흰쥐를 $30\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에서 240時間 그리고 $33\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에서 64時間 各各 溫熱曝露시켰으며, 溫熱曝露 期間中 여러 時間區에서 血淸 glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)와 血淸 glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT)의 活性을 Reitman 및 Frankel (1957)의 方法에 依해서 Coleman-Model 295E Spectrophotometer로서 各各 550m$\\mu$에서 測定하였다. $23\\pm 1^\\circ C$인 對照群에 比較하여 보면, $30\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$ 및 $33\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에서 溫熱曝露된 흰쥐는 各各 血淸의 GOT 및 GPT의 活性이 有意性있게 上昇되었다. 서로 다른 高溫의 溫熱에 曝露된 흰쥐의 血淸 GOT 活性은 16 및 30時間 區間中에서 또한 64 및 72時間 區間中에서 各各 有意性있게 上昇되었다. 한편 $30\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에서 72時間後에는 血淸 GOT 活性은 正常群으로 되돌아가는 傾向이 나타났다. 서로 다른 高熱의 溫熱로 曝露된 흰쥐의 血淸GPTdml 活性은 初期인 4時間區에서 有意性있게 上昇되었으며, 이어서 16時間區와 64 및 72時間 區間中에서 各各 上昇되었다. 한편 $30\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에서는 114時間後에 약간 增加하는 傾向이 나타났다. $30\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$와 $33\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에서 各各 溫熱曝露된 흰쥐의 酵素活性을 比較하여 보면, $33\\pm 0.5^\\circ C$에 曝露된 흰쥐의 血淸 GOT 및 血淸 GPT의 活性은 各各 16, 30 및 64時間區에서 有意性있게 높은 活性을 나타내었다. 이러한 結果로 미루어 보아 連續的 溫熱曝露는 非正常의 아미노基 轉移代謝를 招來하는 것으로 思料된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1179-1184
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• 2008

Commercial nanometer sized silver is widely used for its antibacterial effect; however, nanoparticles may also have ecotoxicological effects after being discharged into water. Nanometer sized silver can flow into aquatic environments, where it can exert a variety of physiologically effects in living organisms, including fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nanometer sized silver on the development of zebrafish embryos, analyze the properties of commercial nanometer sized silver and define the toxicity relationship between embryogenesis and hatched flies. The commercial nanometer sized silver was analyzed in the $Ag^+$ ion form. The hatch rate decreased in the nano-silver exposed groups (10 and 20 ppt); furthermore, the hatched flies had an abnormal notochord, weak heart beat, damaged eyes and curved tail. The expression of the Sel N1 gene decreased in the nano-silver exposed groups, and the catalase activities of the exposed groups increased relative to those in the control group. Therefore, the $Ag^+$ ions in commercial nanometer sized silver could accumulate in aquatic environments and seriously damage the development of zebrafish embryos.

• 아동학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.107-119
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• 1984

In this article we reviewed the phenomena and processes of normalizing children through documentary records with interest in the aim of Montessori's education methods. The Montessori education method is based on the theory that all children should be respected and their works prized. The normalization of children does not mean only to turn abnormal children into normal ones, but to make normal characteristics - calmness, self-confidence, happiness or patience, etc.- which are latent in themselves, appear on the surface and remold them as new children. To achieve normalization some prerequisites are necessary. They are as follows: 1) The principle of freedom. The freedom in Montessori's education has some limits in prepared environments suitable for developing children as whole persons through their spontaneous activities. 2) Development of the phenomenon of children's attention. Arousal of their attention in the children's primitive inner impulse and sense of spiritual hunger. To satisfy their hunger children divert their interest to certain objects and come to repeated exercise of intelligence. 3) Concentration and repetitive phenomena. Repetition through children's concentration phenomenon is a natural and important fundamental behavior which controls their mental power. Repetitive behavior will form serious discipline and promote development of their intelligence.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2016

Salicornia herbacea L. (S. herbacea) is an annual herbaceous plant of Chenopodiaceae. It grows in groups on the coast or mud flat of Korea is known to be rich in minerals. S. herbacea has potent anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, bowel function improvement. However, pharmacological mechanisms of S. herbacea extract (SHE) remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential acute toxicity of SHE in ICR mice administered a single oral dose of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg by gavage. After administration of the extract, signs of toxicity were observed every day for 14 days. No mortality, abnormal clinical signs, body weight, organ weight or pathological changes were observed compared to a control group, and there were no differences in the body weights of the control and treatment groups. Biological serum activities and histological tests were not significantly changed in the treatment group compared to the control group. Especially, treatment of SHE was significantly decreased of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results indicated that a single oral administration of SHE does not exerts any toxic effects at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg and that the $LD_{50}$ of SHE is greater than 2,000 mg/kg. Accordingly, SHE appears to have potential in various functional agents of foods, without toxicity.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.187-204
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• 1988

The present experiment was performed to investigate the acute and subacute effect of lead acetate on ultrastructural and biochemical changes in mouse diencephalon. In acute case, mouse were peritoneally injected with lead acetate at a dose of 0.26 mmole/kg body weight, and after treatment, mouse were sacrificed at time intervals of 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours. In subacute case, mouse were injected at doses of 0.07 mmoie/kg B. W. and 0.13 mmole/kg B.W. once at two days, and after treatment, mouse wee sacrificed at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks. It was observed that after acute treatment, changes composed of increased monoamine oxidase activity, $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase activity, decreased $Mg^{2+}$-APTase activity, wrinkled myelin, swollen Golgi apparatus and more dense synaptic vesicle in nerve terminal. After subacute treatment, decreased monoamine oxidase activity, increased $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase, $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase, lose of myelin, uneven mitochondrial distribution, synaptic vesicular density and edema, but at a higher dose the effect was more severe. Therefore, lead acetate caused abnormal change of diencephalon, and at a subacute, it appears metal accumulative toxicity.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1994

Platelets play a very important role in nomal hemostasis and their functions are more enhanced in various pathogenic states than in normal state. Especially it has been postulated that abnormal platelet and endothelium function might be major factors of microcirculatory disturbance in diabetes mellitus. Hydroxybrazilin, a phenolic constituent of Hematoxylon campechianum has been examined for its inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Its antiaggregatory effect might be mediated through the decrease of ATP release from dense granule and those of thromboxane $A_2$ production in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The present study was undertaken to gain insight into the mechanism that hydroxybrazilin inhibited thromboxane $A_2$ production in platelets. Thus we measured the effect of hydroxybrazilin on phospholipase $A_2$, a rate limiting step of thromboxane $A_2$ production, in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hydroxybrazilin significantly inhibited the platelet phospholipase $A_2$ activity in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2008

From the menopause, women's aging progress is accelerated. Changes of lower body somatotype are accentuated in abnormal of body index and proportion. The purpose of this study is making more functional, more beautiful and more comfortable slacks for the postmenopausal women who actively participate in social activities. The results of this study are as follows: As the characteristics of this study pattern, hip circumference was replaced with maximum lower body circumference, the crotch length was defined as H/4, front crotch extension was H/16 and back crotch extension was defined as H/8. The center backline was set up with half of crotch level line. As characteristics of style, waist line is lowered 2cm at the center front, 1cm at the center back with a little bent waistband. Knee line was set up heightened 6cm from crotch level to the ancle, and widened the width of the knee and ancle, and made in semi bell bottom. 6 women who put on slacks designed from their body size evaluated that their experimental slacks were superior than ready to wear.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.356-362
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• 2014

Phlorotannins, the major constituent in brown algae, possess various biological activities; however, there is little information their toxicological effects. To assess the safety of phlorotannins, we investigated the acute oral toxicity of a high-purity phlorotannin preparation (PRT; total phlorotannin content 90%) in beagle dogs. Six beagle dogs (3 males, 3 females) were assigned randomly to three experimental groups. PRT was administered at oral doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg by capsule. Vomiting by male and female beagles was observed with 500 and 750 mg/kg on the first day. In addition, one beagle given 750 mg/kg had soft stool and diarrhea on days 3 and 13. No deaths or abnormal clinical signs were observed during the experiment. All groups showed similar body weight gain and food consumption. Our acute toxicity study showed that PRT did not cause any toxicological effects in beagle dogs.