• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.309-313
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• 2008

We studied the sapphire and germanium fibers to determine which optical fiber best transmits Erbium:YAG laser for intracorporeal lithotripsy. Human calculi were ablated with an Erbium:YAG laser in contact mode using two fibers. Optical outputs at the distal end of fibers were measured before and after laser lithotripsy. Upon the irradiation on the calculus with the 50 mJ and 100 mJ pulse energy, the output energy at the distal end of germanium fiber declined to approximately 50% of the input energy. For the sapphire fiber, the output energy at the distal end remained unchanged with 100 mJ input energy; however the output energy had dropped to 50% for 200 mJ input energy. In order to examine how the types of target tissue affect the fiber damage, the sapphire fiber was tested for the irradiation on soft tissue and water as well. No energy decline was observed during soft tissue and water irradiation. We also characterized ablation craters with both optical fibers. Both fibers produced similar craters on calculi in terms of depth and diameter. Sapphire fibers are better suited than germanium fibers for Erbium:YAG lithotripsy in terms of the fiber damage.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2011

Purpose: Masseter muscle is an important muscle of mastication. Because it has a great influence on the shape of low facial contour, patients who have masseteric hypertrophy show square-shaped jaw appearance. As aesthetic procedures for the reduction of the masseter muscle volume, radiofrequency ablation or botulinum toxin injection is at the center of attention. Authors studied the anatomical measurement of the thickness and width of masseter muscle and the surface mapping of the maximal thickness point using computed tomography (CT) scan to identify the useful guide for the injection of botulinum toxin in masseteric hypertrophy patients. Methods: We analyzed 2 mm-thickness OMU (ostiomeatal unit) CT of 112 normal people (224 masseter muscles) taken from June 2009 to May 2010. First, we measured the thickness, width and depth of the masseter muscle from the skin surface and analysed each by side, sex and age, respectively. The distribution of the thickness of the muscle and the correlation of thickness and width of the muscle were studied also. Second, we underwent surface mapping of the maximal thickness point using CT analysis by means of checking the vertical and horizontal distance from the angle of the mandible. Results: The average thickness and width of the masseter muscle was 17.73 mm and 40.78 mm in the male patients and were 14.33 mm and 37.42 mm in the female patients. Statistically, both figures of the male patients were larger than those of the female patients. However, the depth of the muscle from the skin surface in female patients (7.37 mm) was larger than that of the male patients (6.15 mm). There were no statistical difference in side or age. The width and thickness of the masseter muscle were in the positive correlation. The location of maximal thickness point of the masseter muscle was 27.77 mm vertically and 27.68 mm horizontally in the male patients, and 25.19 mm vertically and 25.42 mm horizontally in the female patients from the angle of mandible. Conclusion: We were able to present statistical evidence of the diagnosis and treatment of the masseteric hypertrophy regarding the anatomical measurements such as the thickness and width. And the maximal thickness point of the masseter muscle may be a useful guide for the clinical procedures of botulinum toxin injection.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.481-491
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• 2014

빙상이나 빙하, 빙붕에서 푸른색의 얼음이 지표에 노출되어 있는 지역을 청빙지대라 한다. 이는 빙하 표면에 쌓인 눈이 바람에 의해 침식되거나 기온과 일사량에 따른 승화로 인해 대부분 제거되기 때문이다. 청빙지대는 운석이 농집되기 쉽고 빙체의 질량균형에 매우 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에, 청빙의 노출도 및 밀집도에 대한 정량적 지표의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 2007~2012년에 동남극 맥머도 드라이벨리를 촬영한 MODIS 영상을 이용하여 청빙과 눈, 구름의 분광반사특성을 분석하고, 청빙의 노출도 및 밀집도를 정량화 할 수 있는 정규청빙지수(Normalized Difference Blue-ice Index, NDBI) 알고리즘을 고안하였다. 눈과 구름은 가시광선과 근적외선 파장대역에서 매우 높은 반사율을 나타낸다. 청빙은 청색 파장대역에서 높은 반사율을 보이는 반면에, 근적외선 파장대역에서 낮은 반사율을 보인다. NDBI 알고리즘은 청색과 근적외선 파장대역에서의 반사율 차이를 두 반사율의 합으로 나누는 것으로 표현된다[NDBI = (Blue - NIR)/(Blue + NIR)]. 청빙의 NDBI는 노출도와 밀집도에 따라 0.2~0.5의 값을 가지며, 0.2 이하의 값을 가지는 눈과 구름이나 음수의 값을 나타내는 암석으로부터 명확히 구분되었다. 청빙의 NDBI가 시간에 따라 변화하는 현상은 맥머도 드라이벨리의 기상관측소에서 측정된 풍속($R^2=0.012$)이나 기온($R^2=0.278$) 보다는 적설두께와 가장 높은 상관성($R^2=0.699$)을 나타냈다. 적설두께가 증가할수록 NDBI 값은 감소하였는데, 이는 청빙지대의 NDBI 값으로부터 적설량의 추정이 가능함을 의미한다. 이 연구에서 개발된 NDBI 알고리즘은 운석탐사, 빙체의 질량균형 분석, 적설량 추정 등 다양한 극지연구 분야에서 매우 유용하게 사용될 것으로 전망된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3595-3604
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• 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been one of the most fatal malignant tumors worldwide and its associated morbidity and mortality remain of significant concern. Based on in-depth reviews of serological diagnosis of HCC, in addition to AFP, there are other biomarkers: Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3), descarboxyprothrombin (DCP), tyrosine kinase with Ig and eprdermal growth factor (EGF) homology domains 2 (TIE2)-espressing monocytes (TEMs), glypican-3 (GPC3), Golgi protein 73 (GP73), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) have been proposed as biomarkers for the early detection of HCC. The diagnosis of HCC is primarily based on noninvasive standard imaging methods, such as ultrasound (US), dynamic multiphasic multidetector-row CT (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Some experts advocate gadolinium diethyl-enetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) MRI and contrast-enhanced US as the promising imaging madalities of choice. With regard to recent advancements in tissue markers, many cuting-edge technologies using genome-wide DNA microarrays, qRT-PCR, and proteomic and inmunostaining studies have been implemented in an attempt to identify markers for early diagnosis of HCC. Only less than half of HCC patients at initial diagnosis are at an early stage treatable with curative options: local ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplant. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered the standard of care with palliation for intermediate stage HCC. Recent innovative procedures using drug-eluting-beads and radioembolization using Yttrium-90 may exhibit beneficial effects in HCC treatment. During the past few years, several molecular targeted agents have been evaluated in clinical trials in advanced HCC. Sorafenib is currently the only approved systemic treatment for HCC. It has been approved for the therapy of asymptomatic HCC patients with well-preserved liver function who are not candidates for potentially curative treatments, such as surgical resection or liver transplantation. In the USA, Europe and particularly Japan, hepatitis C virus (HCV) related HCC accounts for most liver cancer, as compared with Asia-Pacific regions, where hepatitis B virus (HBV) may play a more important role in HCC development. HBV vaccination, while a vaccine is not yet available against HCV, has been recognized as a best primary prevention method for HBV-related HCC, although in patients already infected with HBV or HCV, secondary prevention with antiviral therapy is still a reasonable strategy. In addition to HBV and HCV, attention should be paid to other relevant HCC risk factors, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to obesity and diabetes, heavy alcohol consumption, and prolonged aflatoxin exposure. Interestingly, coffee and vitamin K2 have been proven to provide protective effects against HCC. Regarding tertiary prevention of HCC recurrence after surgical resection, addition of antiviral treatment has proven to be a rational strategy.