• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.8D no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2001

A formal development method is used to develop software rigorously and systematically. In a formal development method, we specify system by a formal specification language and gradually develop the system more concretely until we can implement the system. VDM is one of formal specification languages. VDM uses mathematical data structures such as sets, sequences, and maps to specify the system, but most programming languages do not have such data structures. Therefore, these data structures should be converted. We can convert mathematical data structures in VDM to a linked list, a data structure in a programming language. In this article, we propose a method to convert a set, a sequence, and a map in VDM to a linked list in a programming language and prove the correctness of this conversion mathematically.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.179-192
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• 2015

In an automated industry PLC plays a central role to control the automation system. Therefore, fault free operation of PLC controlled automation system is essential in order to maximize a firm's productivity. A prior test of control system is a practical way to check fault operations, but it is a time consuming job and can not check all possible fault operation. A formal verification of PLC program could be a best way to check all possible fault situation. Tracing the history of the study on formal verification, we found three problems, the first is that a formal representation of PLC control system is incomplete, the second is a state explosion problem and the third is that the verification result is difficult to use for the correction of control program. In this paper, we propose a transformation method to reproduce the control system correctly in formal model and efficient procedure to verify and correct the control program using verification result. To demonstrate the proposed method, we provided a suitable case study of an automation system.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-61
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• 2002

Among the many phases involved in software development, requirements analysis phase in generally considered to play a crucial role in determining the overall software quality. Therefore, many software development companies manages the phase as one of the important phase. Especially, safety assurance through requirements analysis for safety-critical systems is quite demanding, and national and international bodies routinely require safety demonstration. Among various approaches, inspection and formal methods are generally shown to be effective. In this paper, we propose a formal verification procedure for SCR(Software Cost Reduction)-style SRS(Software Requirements Specification) using the PVS specification and verification procedure and applied this procedure to an industrial system such that a shutdown system for Wolsung nuclear power plant. This system had been verified through inspection not formal verification. The application of formal methods is rare in Korea, so it is very important to experiment about formal verification to industrial systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.619-622
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• 1996

This paper presents the formal integration of process planning and shop floor control with Petri net formalism. Formal integration means that both planning and control problems can be modeled, interfaced, and transformed with the Petri net formalism. This integrated framework provides a systematic approach for rapidly developing a formal shop floor controller from process planning with respect to shop floor configuration.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.305-313
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• 2018

Public open data is a database or electronic file produced by a public agency or government. The government is opening public data through the open data portals and individual agency websites. However, it is a reality that there is a limit to search and utilize desired public data from the perspective of data users. In particular, it takes a great deal of effort and time to understand the characteristics of data sets and to combine different data sets. This study suggests the possibility of interlinking between data sets by analyzing the common relationship of item names held by public data. The data sets are collected from the open data portal, and item names included in the data sets are extracted. The extracted item names consist of formal context and formal concept through formal concept analysis. The format concept has a list of data sets and a set of item name as extent and intent, respectively, and analyzes the common items of intent end to determine the possibility of data connection. The results derived from the formal concept analysis can be effectively applied to the semantic connection of the public data, and can be applied to data standard and quality improvement for public data release.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6372-6378
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• 2014

This study examined the formal types and public space of Mies van der Rohe's office designs in Germany. The characteristics of the formal types, the relationship between public space and formal types, and the composition of public space were analyzed by hierarchy with perspective drawings and plans. The conclusions were as follows. Mies used the formal types, such as U shape and I shape in his early days. Later, he adopted the curved shape and tried to fragment the forms by combining the curved shape with an I shape. Mies designed the entry space in front of the simple formal types. The curved shape was used to create various hierarchical courtyards and rear gardens. The results suggest that Mies developed his own ideas on the formal types and public space utilizing a variety of methods.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.301-313
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• 2015

This study purposes on continuing experimental research of furniture form creation focused on the importance and necessity for a-formal concept for designers to drift away from general acknowledgement and practice routine to design more radical forms for meeting various needs of late industrialized society, which have not been satisfied with formal and universal designs. This study covers presenting new points of view on research for designers to look for different solutions to widen their consideration in the process of furniture form development and to set up academic data base with the case studies of designers in anti-construction concept to define their experimental challenges for new design form creation, on the basis of overall research on the effects and roles of a-formal approach in the furniture design form creation.

• School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.555-563
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to try formulating a working definition of connection of informal and formal mathematical knowledge. Many researchers have suggested that informal mathematical knowledge should be connected with school mathematics in the process of learning and teaching it. It is because informal mathematical knowledge might play a important role as a cognitive anchor for understanding school mathematics. To implement the connection of them we need to know what the connection means. In this paper, the connection between informal and formal mathematical knowledge refers to the making of relationship between common attributions involved with the two knowledge. To make it clear, it is discussed that informal knowledge consists of two properties of procedures and conceptions as well as formal mathematical knowledge does. Then, it is possible to make a connection of them. Now it is time to make contribution of our efforts to develop appropriate models to connect informal and formal mathematical knowledge.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 2021

The paper examines the role of the informal sector on innovation activities of urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. It provides empirical evidence on firm-level linkages between formal and informal sectors by using the World Bank Enterprise Survey, 2013-14 and the Innovation Follow-up survey, 2014. Primarily, the paper aims to examine the effect of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. Secondly, the paper analyses the mediation effect of informal sector competition on innovations in the urban manufacturing enterprises. It determines the direct and indirect influence of business regulations and constraints on innovation outcomes through the mediation effect of informal sector competition by using the SEM "Structural Equation Modeling" guidelines. The econometric results show that informal sector competition has a negative effect on the introduction of product innovations while industry-level informal sector competition has a positive effect on product innovation through the local knowledge spillovers from the informal to the formal sector. However, the informal sector competition was found to have no significant effect on the probability of introducing process innovations. Further, the results show the inhibitive role of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises is more severe for firms with heavy regulatory burdens and is relatively weakened in firms with resource constraints. This suggests that the informal sector plays an important role in the NIS (National Innovation System) in India.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1027-1044
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• 2010

This study is to examine the effective system for providing services for long-term care elders, despite the expansion of formal care, informal care still is needed. Thus, this study's purpose is to classify the informal-formal resources linkages types of long-term care elders and looks into service satisfaction by these types and discover effective informal-formal resources linkages models. For that, this study is to divide informal-formal resources linkages types by the degree of providing services of informal and formal caregivers and discover the informal-formal resources linkages types using cluster analysis and explores the effectiveness of service satisfaction using multiple regression. The study's results is to suggest four models, such as family care, complementary, separation, formal service and complementary type was founded to be the most effective and then based on the result, we discuss as follows. First, we must strive to combine informal resources into formal service systemto the system for providing of service is made up the complementary type. Second, the system for providing services of long-term care elders is required integrated care system to alining of medical and long-term care services. Third, we have to consider a measure to improve of formal service type, for the satisfaction of formal service appears low relatively. Based on research findings, this study propose that the informal-formal resources linkages models are subdivided into the dimension of quantity and quality of care for improving the effectiveness of long-term care services.