• 제목/요약/키워드: a labial consonant

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Place Perception in Korean Consonants

  • Oh, Mi-Ra
    • 음성과학
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    • 제9권4호
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    • pp.131-142
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    • 2002
  • Place assimilation in Korean has been argued to reflect the consonantal strength hierarchy in which velar is stronger than labial which is in turn stronger than coronal. The strength relationship has been manifested in two ways in literature. One is through phonological representation as shown in Iverson and Lee (1994). The other is through perceptual salience ranking as suggested by Jun (1995). The goal of this study is to examine the perceptual salience of placed consonants through an identification experiment. The experiment conducted in this study reveals four facts. First, place identification of a prevocalic consonant is higher than that of a postvocalic one. Second, place identification of a stop in coda is more confusable than that of a nasal counterpart in Korean contrary to other previous studies. Third, velar is most confusable in place identification in contrast to Jun (1995) and Hume et al. (1999). Finally, place perception of consonants can vary depending on adjacent vocalic context. These results suggest that perceptual salience is one of the possibly several factors affecting a phonological process.

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A Language-Specific Physiological Motor Constraint in Korean Non-Assimilating Consonant Sequences

  • Son, Min-Jung
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.27-33
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    • 2011
  • This paper explores two articulatory characteristics of inter-consonantal coordination observed in lingual-lingual (/kt/, /ks/) and labial-lingual (/pt/) sequences. Using electromagnetic articulometry (EMMA), temporal aspects of the lip movement and lingual movement (of the tongue tip and the tongue dorsum) were examined. Three sequences (/ks/, /kt/, /pt/) were investigated in two respects: gestural overlap in C1C2 and formation duration of coronals in C2 (/t/ or /s/). Results are summarized as follows. First, in a sequence of two stop consonants gestural overlap did not vary with order contrast or a low-level motor constraint on lingual articulators. Gestural overlap between two stop consonants was similar in both /kt/ (lingual-lingual; back-to-front) and /pt/ (labial-lingual; front-to-back). Second, gestural overlap was not simply constrained by place of articulation. Two coronals (/s/ and /t/) shared the same articulator, the tongue tip, but they showed a distinctive gestural overlap pattern with respect to /k/ in C1 (/ks/ (less overlap) < /kt/ (more overlap)). Third, temporal duration of the tongue tip gesture varied as a function of manner of articulation of the target segment in C2 (/ks/ (shorter) < /kt/ (longer)) as well as a function of place of articulation of the segmental context in C1 (/pt/ (shorter) < /kt/ (longer)). There are several implications associated with the results from Korean non-assimilating contexts. First, Korean can be better explained in the way of its language-specific gestural pattern; gestural overlap in Korean is not simply attributed to order contrast (front-to-back vs. back-to-front) or a physiological motor constraint on lingual articulators (lingual-lingual vs. nonlingual-lingual). Taking all factors into consideration, inter-gestural coordination is influenced not only by C1 (place of articulation) but also C2 (manner of articulation). Second, the jaw articulator could have been a factor behind a distinctive gestural overlap pattern in different C1C2 sequences (/ks/ (less overlap) vs. /kt/ and /pt/ (more overlap)). A language-specific gestural pattern occurred with reference to a physiological motor constraint on the jaw articulator.

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Articulatory Attributes in Korean Nonassimilating Contexts

  • Son, Minjung
    • 말소리와 음성과학
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.109-121
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    • 2013
  • This study examined several kinematic properties of the primary articulator (the tongue dorsum) and the supplementary articulator (the jaw) in the articulation of the voiceless velar stop (/k/) within nonassimilating contexts. We examined in particular the spatiotemporal properties (constriction duration and constriction maxima) from the constriction onset to the constriction offset by analyzing a velar (/k/) followed by the coronal fricative (/s/), the coronal stop (/t/), and the labial (/p/) in across-word boundary conditions (/k#s/, /k#t/, and /k#p/). Along with these measurements, we investigated intergestural temporal coordination between C1 and C2 and the jaw articulator in relation to its coordination with the articulation of consonant sequences. The articulatory movement data was collected by means of electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMMA). Four native speakers of Seoul Korean participated in the laboratory experiment. The results showed several characteristics. First, a velar (/k/) in C1 was not categorically reduced. Constriction duration and constriction degree of the velar (/k/) were similar within nonassimilating contexts (/k#s/=/k#t/=/k#p/). This might mean that spatiotemporal attributes during constriction duration were stable and consistent across different contexts, which might be subsequently associated with the nontarget status of the velar in place assimilation. Second, the gestural overlap could be represented as the order of /k#s/ (less) < /k#p/ (intermediate) < /k#t/ (more) as we measured the onset-to-onset lag (a longer lag indicated shorter gestural overlap.). This indicates a gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts may not be constrained by any of the several constraints including the perceptual recoverability constraint (e.g., more overlap in Front-to-Back sequences compared to the reverse order (Back-to-Front) since perceptual cues in C1 can be recovered anytime during C2 articulation), the low-level speech motor constraint (e.g., more overlap in lingual-nonlingual sequences as compared to the lingual-lingual sequences), or phonological contexts effects (e.g., similarity in gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts). As one possible account for more overlap in /k#t/ sequences as compared to /k#p/, we suspect speakers' knowledge may be receptive to extreme encroachment on C1 by the gestural overlap of the coronal in C2 since it does not obscure the perceptual cue of C1 as much as the labial in C2. Third, actual jaw position during C2 was higher in coronals (/s/, /t/) than in the labial (/p/). However, within the coronals, there was no manner-dependent jaw height difference in C2 (/s/=/t/). Vertical jaw position of C1 and C2 was seen as inter-dependent as higher jaw position in C1 was closely associated with C2. Lastly, a greater gap in jaw height was associated with longer intergestural timing (e.g., less overlap), but was confined to the cluster type (/kp/) with the lingual-nonlingual sequence. This study showed that Korean jaw articulation was independent from coordinating primary articulators in gestural overlap in some cluster types (/k#s/, /k#t/) while not in others (e.g., /k#p/). Overall, the results coherently indicate the velar stop (/k/) in C1 was robust in articulation, which may have subsequently contributed to the nontarget status of the velar (/k/) in place assimilation processes.

로우폴리곤 캐릭터 애니메이션에서 립싱크 및 표정 개발 연구 (A Study on Lip Sync and Facial Expression Development in Low Polygon Character Animation)

  • 서지원;이현수;김민하;김정이
    • 문화기술의 융합
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    • 제9권4호
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    • pp.409-414
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    • 2023
  • 본 연구는 로우폴리곤 캐릭터 애니메이션에서 감정과 성격을 표현하는 데 중요한 역할을 차지하는 캐릭터 표정과 애니메이션을 구현하는 방법을 기술하였다. 영상 산업의 발달로 애니메이션에서의 캐릭터 표정과 입 모양 립싱크는 실사와 가까운 수준으로 자연스러운 모션을 구현할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 비전문가의 경우 전문가 수준의 고급 기술을 사용하기에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 우리는 저예산의 로우폴리곤 캐릭터 애니메이션 제작자나 비전문가를 위해 접근이 쉽고 사용성이 높은 기능을 사용하여 입 모양 립싱크를 조금 더 자연스럽게 연출할 수 있도록 가이드를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 입 모양 립싱크 애니메이션은 'ㅏ', 'ㅔ', 'ㅣ', 'ㅗ', 'ㅜ', 'ㅡ', 'ㅓ'와 구순음을 표현하는 입 모양 총 8가지를 개발하였다. 표정 애니메이션의 경우 폴 에크먼이 분류한 인간의 기본감정인 놀람, 두려움, 혐오, 분노, 행복, 슬픔의 여섯 가지에 선행 연구를 참고로 활용도가 높은 흥미, 지루함, 통증을 더하여 총 아홉 가지 애니메이션을 제작하였다. 본 연구는 복잡한 기술이나 프로그램을 사용하지 않고 모델링 프로그램에 내장된 기능을 사용하여 자연스러운 애니메이션을 손쉽게 제작할 수 있도록 함에 의의가 있다.

일본인이 지각하는 한국어 자음의 구조 (The Structure of Korean Consonants as Perceived by the Japanese)

  • 배문정;김정오
    • 인지과학
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.163-175
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    • 2008
  • 한국에 거주하는 일본인 12명을 대상으로 한국어 초성 자음에 대한 지각적 혼동을 조사하여 그들이 한국어 자음을 지각할 때 사용하는 심리적 차원과 특질들을 추출하였다. 개음절들은 비소음(no noise) 조건과 소음 조건에서 제시되고 참여자들은 그 정체를 파악하였다. 실험 결과로 자음들 간의 혼동 행렬(confusion matrix)을 구성하였고 이 행렬 자료로 가산 군집 분석, 개별차이 척도법 및 정보 전달율을 계산했다. 가산 군집 분석 결과, 비소음 조건에서 일본인들은 '다 타'를 가장 유사한 소리로 지각했으며, '가 카', '자 차 짜', '타 따', '파 빠', '사 싸' 순으로 지각적 군집을 형성하였다. 소음 조건에서는 '가 다 바', '마 바', '차 카 타 파' 등 10개의 군집이 추출되었는데, 이 군집들은 같은 청취 조건에서 '싸 짜', '다 자', '파 하' 등 발성 유형(공명, 이완, 기식, 긴장)이 같고 조음 방법이 다른 음소들을 유사한 소리로 지각한 한국인의 군집들과 큰 차이를 보였다. 개별차이 척도법을 적용한 결과, 소음 조건에서 공명음을 포함한 이완음과 나머지 음소를 구분하는 차원(이완성 차원), 기식성의 정도와 관련된 차원(기식성 차원) 및 조음 위치(설정음과 주변음)와 관련된 차원(설정성 차원)을 찾았다. 한국인이 보인 기식성과 긴장성 차원은 이원적인 값을 갖고 있었으나 일본인이 보인 차원은 연속적인 값을 가지는 것으로 드러났다. 정보 전달율을 분석한 결과, 일본인은 한국인에 비해 기식성과 긴장성의 후두 자질은 잘 지각하지 못하지만 순음성과 설정성의 조음 위치 자질은 더 잘 지각하였다. 본 연구의 결과들은 각 언어의 음소 범주를 구성하는 기저 표상의 구조적 차이로 다루는 접근의 중요성을 시사한다.

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