• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1143-1152
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• 2012

We established a top-down methodology to estimate carbon footprint as national mean value (reference) with the statistical data on agri-livestock incomes in 2007. We also established LCI (life cycle inventory) DB by a bottom-up methodology with the data obtained from interview with farmers from 4 large-scale farms at Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do province to estimate carbon footprint in 2011. This study was carried out to compare top-down methodology and bottom-up methodology in performing LCA (life cycle assessment) to analyze the difference in GHGs (greenhouse gases) emission and carbon footprint under conventional rice cultivation system. Results of LCI analysis showed that most of $CO_2$ was emitted during fertilizer production and rice cultivation, whereas $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ were mostly emitted during rice cultivation. The carbon footprints on conventional rice production system were 2.39E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by top-down methodology, whereas 1.04E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ by bottom-up methodology. The amount of agro-materials input during the entire rice cultivation for the two methodologies was similar. The amount of agro-materials input for the bottom-up methodology was sometimes greater than that for top-down methodology. While carbon footprint by the bottom-up methodology was smaller than that by the top-down methodology due to higher yield per cropping season by the bottom-up methodology. Under the conventional rice production system, fertilizer production showed the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on most categories except GWP (global warming potential) category. Rice cultivation was the highest contribution to the environmental impacts on GWP category under the conventional rice production system. The main factors of carbon footprints under the conventional rice production system were $CH_4$ emission from rice paddy field, the amount of fertilizer input and rice yield. Results of this study will be used for establishing baseline data for estimating carbon footprint from 'low carbon certification pilot project' as well as for developing farming methods of reducing $CO_2$ emission from rice paddy fields.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

It was the investigated the response to metalaxyl of Phytophthora capsici isolates collected in 2005 and 2006. With effective concentrations ($EC_{50}$) of metalaxyl causing 50% growth inhibition, resistance baseline was determined as more than $1.0\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. Based on the resistance baseline, isolation frequency (%) of P. capsici resistant to metalaxyl was 29.0% and 218% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Among the isolates of P. capsici obtained in 2006, the isolation was variable; 33.3% in Chungnam, 26.3% in Chungbuk and 11.1% in Gyeongbuk. Two isolates of metalaxyl-sensitive (MS) and too isolates of metalaxyl-resistant (MR) P. capsici were selected and then used to investigate the activity of metalaxyl to their development stages. Even though there was a difference in mycelial growth inhibition by metalaxyl between MS and MR isolates, the fungicide was not active or nearly to sporangium germination, zoospore release, and zoospore germination of both MS and MR isolates. However, the fungicide showed weak activity against sporangium germination and zoospore release of P. capsici, not related with its resistance. Also, it was not inhibitory to zoospore germination of both resistant and sensitive isolates. In a greenhouse test, it showed 100% of control value against P. capsici 06-86 sensitive to metalaxyl, when it was applied by soil-drenching at $25\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. However, 06-130 and 16-155 resistant to metalaxyl showed less than 20% of control value.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

This study investigates the changes in inorganic composition and the microbial counts during the process of fermentation of mixed domestic organic resources for the development of alternatives for imported oil cake, and examines the characteristics of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer (MFOF). The effect of the MFOF on the lettuce growth is investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of replacing the existing mixed oil cake with the MFOF. Six kinds of domestic by-product resources, which are rice bran, distiller's dried grains, sesame meal, fish meal, and spent mushroom substrate, are mixed by mixing ratio and the composition was analyzed during the fermentation process for 90 days under moisture content 30% and sealed condition. During the 90 days of fermentation, the pH change of the MFOF was little, and the moisture content was maintained at 34-35% until the 60^th day of fermentation, and then decreased to 30-31% on the 90^th day. Total nitrogen content remained unchanged during the fermentation period, but total carbon content showed a significant difference on the 21^st day of fermentation. It was confirmed that the content of fertilizer composition (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash) of the MFOF was 8.7% or more, which is suitable for the minimum amount standard of the main nutrients to be contained in the organic fertilizer. During the fermentation process of organic fertilizer, the density of bacteria and actinomycetes increased until 60 days and 30 days, respectively, and thereafter little changes were shown, and fungal population showed an increasing trend. As a result of lettuce cultivation test in the greenhouse by applying the MFOF, the growth and yield were comparable to that of using the existing mixed oil cake fertilizer when 100% was applied based on crop standard nitrogen fertilizer level. The use of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer made with domestic by-product resources can be used for use in farms in the future and is expected to contribute to the stable production of environment friendly agricultural products.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1181-1186
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• 2013

Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal weather conditions has become more frequent, causing damage to vegetable crops grown in Korea. Hot pepper, Chinese cabbage and radish, the three most popular vegetables in Korea, are produced more in the field than in the greenhouse. It has been a trend that the time for field transplanting of seedlings is getting earlier and earlier as the spring temperatures keep rising. Seedlings transplanted too early in the spring take a longer time to resume the normal growth, because they are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions. This study examined the influence of air temperature during seedling growth on the time required to reach the first fruit maturity and yield of hot pepper. Seedling plants of 'Super Manita' hot pepper was grown in temperatures $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$ lower than the optimum temperature (determined by the average of temperatures for the past 5 years). Seedlings were transplanted into round plastic containers (30-cm diam., 45-cm height) and were placed in growth chambers in which the ambient temperature was controlled under natural sunlight. The growth of seedlings under lowered temperatures was reduced compared to the control. The mineral (K, Mg, P, N) concentrations in the leaf tissues were higher when plants were grown with the ambient temperature $2.5^{\circ}C$ lower than the optimum, regardless of changes in other growth parameters. Tissue calcium (Ca) concentration was the highest in the plants grown with optimum temperature. The carbohydrate to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, which was the highest (18.3) in the plants grown with optimum temperature, decreased concomitantly as the ambient temperature was lowered $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$. The yield of the early harvested fruits was also reduced as the ambient temperature became lower. The first fruit harvest date for the plants grown with optimum temperature (June 27) was 13 days and 40 days, respectively, earlier than that in plants grown with $2.5^{\circ}C$ (July 10) and $5.0^{\circ}C$ (Aug 6) lower ambient temperatures. The fruit yield per plant for the optimum temperature (724 g) was the greatest compared to those grown with $2.5^{\circ}C$ (446 g) and $5.0^{\circ}C$ (236 g) lower temperatures. The result of this study suggests that the growers should be cautioned not to transplant their hot pepper seedlings too early into the field, since it may delay the time of first harvest eventually reducing total fruit yield.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.171-181
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• 1997

A mixed solution of $^{54}Mn$, $^{60}Co$, $^{85}Sr$ and $^{137}Cs$ was applied to the soil of culture boxes in a greenhouse 2 days before transplanting red pepper and at 3 different times during its growth for investigating transfer factors ($m^2/kg-dry$) for its green and red fruits. Transfer factors varied with radionuclide, application time and harvest time by factors of about $20{\sim}100$. They decreased mostly in the order of $^{85}Sr>^{54}Min>^{60}Co>^{137}Cs$ while $^{54}Mn$ and $^{60}Co$ was higher than $^{85}Sr$ when time lapse between application and harvest was short. Transfer factors of $^{85}Sr$ and $^{137}Cs$ at the last application were lower than those at the previous one by factors of $3{\sim}20$ depending on harvest time. Variations in $^{54}Mn$ and $^{60}Co$ transfer factors with application time after transplanting were comparatively low. Transfer factors of $^{54}Mn$, $^{60}Co$ and $^{85}Sr$ mixed with topsoil before transplanting were up to $3{\sim}9$ times higher than those for the application onto soil surface 2 days after transplanting while there was no difference in $^{137}Cs$. The present results can be referred to in estimating root-uptake concentrations of the radionuclides in red pepper fruit and taking proper measures for its harvest and consumption at the event of an accidental release during the growing season of red pepper.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate into the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) for the light quality as a light source on the broccoli seed germination and the physiological activity of vegetable sprouts. We have also germinated seeds of the broccoli and applied LED as a light quality such as blue, green, red, white, yellow and red + blue color lights to their sprouts for 14 hours and kept dark for 10 hours at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ (day)/$18^{\circ}C$ (night). Broccoli sprouts were extracted by methanol and their physiological activities were examined. All broccoli seeds were germinated at 3 days after seeding regardless of the light color. Total sprout fresh weight were mostly became highest by 0.389g (10 plants) at 8 days after seeding when their sprouts were grown under blue color light. Total phenol compound contents in broccoli sprouts were extremely increased by $83.0\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ under the white light, and total flavonoid contents were most much more by $72.6\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ under the blue light. DPPH radical scavenging activity at $2,000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were most highest by 93.5% in broccoli sprouts grown under the white light. Nitrite radical scavenging activity at the concentration of $500\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in sprout extracts were the most increased by 66.9% under the yellow light, and tyrosinase inhibition activity at $2,000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in sprout extracts were by 14.5% under red light.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2015

The effects of elevated spring temperatures on the growth and fruit quality of the mandarin hybrid 'Shiranuhi' [(Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata] were investigated in plastic greenhouses, to develop a cropping system to improve the quality of the fruit and increase the income of growers on Jeju Island, South Korea. Under conditions of elevated temperature I ($25/15^{\circ}C$, day/night) and elevated temperature II ($28/18^{\circ}C$, day/night) during early spring, budburst was advanced by 11 and 15 d, and full bloom by 22 and 45 d, respectively, compared to those of the plants grown at ambient air temperature in a plastic greenhouse. Elevated temperatures decreased the number of spring shoots but increased mean spring shoot length and leaf area. Growing 'Shiranuhi' trees at elevated temperatures resulted in increases in mean fruit weight and fruit L/D ratio (> 1.0). In addition, fruit color development was significantly advanced in trees grown under elevated temperatures during early spring, which allowed the fruit to be harvested 1-2 months earlier than trees grown under ambient air temperature. Fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) at harvest were similar between elevated temperature I and ambient air temperature, but were significantly higher than at elevated temperature II. Considering fruit quality, harvest time, and yield, the elevated temperature treatment regime of $25/15^{\circ}C$ (day/night) during early spring could be useful for cultivation of the mandarin hybrid 'Shiranuhi' to increase the income of growers.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.61-72
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• 2014

This paper analyzed transition pathways toward a low carbon society in Korea to meet global $2^{\circ}C$ climate target. Lower economic growth, industrial structure change, enhance of energy demand management, decarbonization of power sector, and replacement of low carbon fuel could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from fuel combustion in 2050 by 67% against in 2011, or by 74% against in BAU (Business-As-Usual). Lower economic growth contributes to 13% of cumulative emission reduction relative to BAU, industrial structure change 9%, enhance of energy demand management 72%, decarbonization of power sector 5% and replacement of low carbon fuel 1% respectively. Final energy consumption in 2050 needs to be reduced to 50% relative to 2011, or to 41% relative to BAU. Nuclear, coal and renewable energy represent 31%, 40%, 2% respectively among electricity generation in 2011, but 38%, 2%, 32% in 2050. CCS represents 23% of total generation in 2050. Emission intensity of electricity in 2050 was decreased to 19% relative to 2011, or to 24% relative to BAU. Primary energy in 2050 was decreased to 64% compared to 2011, or to 44% compared to BAU. Final energy consumption, primary energy supply and GHG emission from fuel combustion from 1990 to 2011 increased by 176%, 197%, 146%. Radical change from historical trend is required to transit toward a low carbon society by 2050. Appropriate economic growth, structural change to non-energy intensive industries, energy technology research, development and deployment (RD&D) in terms of enhancement of energy efficiency and low carbon energy supply technologies, and fuel change to electricity and renewable energy are key instruments.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 1995

Root uptakes of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co,\;^{85}Sr\;and\;^{137}Cs$ by rice were studied through a greenhouse experiment in which the upper 20 cm of the culture box was filled with an acidic loamy-sandy soil and a mixed solution of the radionuclides was applied to the surface water on the soil 2 days before, and 5 different times after, transplanting. Percent uptakes of the radionuclides to rice tops varied $3.4{\sim}13.7%,\;0.03{\sim}0.1%,\;0.6{\sim}1.5%,\;0.02{\sim}0.15%$, respectively, with application time. Among radionuclides, soil-to-plant transfer factors decreased, on the whole, in the order of $^{54}Mn>^{85}Sr>^{60}Co{\geq}^{137}Cs$, and among plant parts, in the order of straw > chaff > hulled seed. Transfer factors $(m^2/kg-dry)$ in hulled seed were, depending on application time, $1.2{\times}10^3{\sim}5.0{{\times}10^3\;for\;^{54}Mn,\;1.6{\times}10^5{\sim}2.6{\times}10^4\;for\;^{60}Co,\;1.1{\times}10^4{\sim}7.6{\times}10^4\;for\;^{85}Sr\;and\;5.2{\times}10^5{\sim}7.0{\times}10^4\;for\;^{137}Cs$. The highest factors of all the radionuclides in straw came from the application at 67 days after transplanting while those of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co\;and\;^{85}Sr$ in hulled seed appeared at later applications. The data from this studv can be referred to in assessing the radiological impact of an accidental contamination during the rice growth.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2010

This study was carried out to compare the storability of Salsola komarovi Iljin and Suaeda maritima L. Dum which stored at different storage temperatures in MA storage. These plants that had grown in greenhouse packed with $50\;{\mu}m$ ceramic film and then stored in $2^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$ temperature. The fresh weight loss both plants was less than 1% in all temperature treatments. The highest fresh weight loss showed at $25^{\circ}C$ among storage temperature treatments in Salsola komarovi Iljin between plants. The highest carbon dioxide contents in package showed at $25^{\circ}C$ among storage temperature treatments in Salsola komarovi Iljin between plants, and at $2^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ temperature treatments remained less than 1%. Oxygen contents in package both plants showed the highest level at $2^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment, but Salsola komarovi Iljin showed less oxygen contents than Suaeda maritima L. Dum. Although there was no significant difference ethylene contents in package between $2^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ temperature treatments, the higher showed in $10^{\circ}C$ than $2^{\circ}C$ temperature treatments. The ethylene contents in package both plants were roughly $20\;{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the higher was in Suaeda maritima L. Dum than Salsola komarovi Iljin at $2^{\circ}C$. As increasing the storage temperature, the contents of carbon dioxide and ethylene in package also increased in both plants. The carbon dioxide and ethylene contents of Salsola komarovi Iljin showed a significant difference between $2^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ temperature treatments, but Suaeda maritima L. Dum did not show. The shelf life of Salsola komarovi Iljin based on visual quality was 14 days at $2^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment and 7.5 days at $10^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. However, the shelf life of Suaeda maritima L. Dum did not show a significant difference between $2^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment that was 11 days, and $10^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment that was 9.5 days. Considering visual quality and gas contents in package, Suaeda maritima L. Dum might appear chilling injury at $2^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment.