• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.455-467
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• 1995

In order to investigate the dispersion patterns and speciations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soils, stream sediments and stream waters, geochemical studies of soil, stream sediment and stream water samples collected in the vicinity of the Shi-Heung Cu-Pb-Zn mine was carried out Cation exchange capacity measurement, size analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and batch test were performed to select applicable soil for adsorption treatment The average content of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soils collected from tailings and ore dressing plant is 1084 ppm, 2292 ppm, 3512 ppm and 29.2 ppm, respectively, and therefore, tailings and ore dressing plant site may be the major contamination sources in this study area. The mean content of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in stream sediments is extremely high up to 794 ppm, 1633 ppm, 2946 ppm and 25.2 ppm, respectively. Tailing particles and heavy metal ions are dispersed along the tributary system. Results from the sequential extraction analysis indicate; (1) most of Cu is bound to organic matters and sulphides, (2) fraction of Pb is mainly bound to Fe and Mn oxides. Most of Zn is largely bound to Fe and Mn oxides and residual fraction. Ion exchangeable fraction of Cd is relatively higher than those of Cu, Pb and Zn. Batch test on soils collected from the kaolinite and/or pyrophyllite mines and from the control areas was carried out to select an applicable soil samples for adsorption treatment The sample, S10, collected from the control area 2 (clay content 33.2%) shows the highest $K_d$ (distribution coefficient). Organic content in soils and several clay minerals shows relatively good correlation with $K_d$. It means that applicable soils for adsorption treatment of heavy metals show high organic and clay content.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2004

In this study, the observation data for the yellow sandy dust phenomena from the year 1999 to 2003 at background sites in Korea were collected at Global Atmospheric Observatory at An-Myeon island and its temporal variation were analyzed. The chemical characteristics of the fine particles were also analyzed in order to evaluate sources of the yellow sandy dust particles. The results showed that the monthly average mass concentration of the fine particles was the highest in springtime and the lowest in summertime in general. The magnitude of its variation was also the highest in March in which the occurrence of yellow sandy dust was the most frequent and thus the number of samples was the largest, while the lowest in June through September. The yearly variation of ion components contributions to the total mass concentration of the fine particles was slowly decreasing, showing that $63\%$ in 1999, $59\%$ in 2000 and $56\%$ in 2003. The most prevalent ion components in the fine particles were found to be $NO_3$ and $SO_4^{2-}$, which are known to be source materials of acidic precipitation, and $NH_4^+$, a neutralizing material of the acid precipitation. Relative proportion of metal components in the fine particles was calculated as $14\%$ in average, and their concentrations are in an order of Fe > Al > Na > Ca > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cd > Cr > Co > U. The results indicated that main sources of the metals was soil-originated Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg, and the contribution of anthropogenic air Pollution-originated Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn were also high and keep slightly increasing. Statistical analysis showed that the chemical components could be divided into soil-originated group of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, and Mn and air pollution-originated group of $NO_3$, Zn, Pb, and they are occupying more than $60\%$of all the components in the dusty sand. The results explain that An-Myeon island is more influenced by soil-originated source than ocean-originated one and also the influencing strength of anthropogenic poilution-originated source is less than $50\%$ of that of soil-originated sources. Compared to non-yellow sandy period, the yellow sandy dust period showed that the amounts of soil-originated $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ and ocean-originated $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were increased to more than double and the metals of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe were also highly increased, while micro metal components such as Pb, Cd, Zn, which have a tendency of concentrating in air, were either decreased or maintained at nearly constant level. In the period of yellow sandy dust, a strong positive correlation was observed between water soluble ions and between metals in terms of its concentration, respectively. Factor analysis showed that the first group being comprised of about $43\%$ of the total inorganic components was affected by soil and they are ions of $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ and metals of Na, Fe, Mn and Ni. The result also showed that the metals of Mg and Cr were classified as second group and they were also highly affected by soil sources.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2008

Surface-void defects observed on the galvannealed(GA) steel sheets in Interstitial-free high-strengthened steels containing Si and Mn have been investigated using the combination of the FIB(Focused Ion Beam) and FE-TEM(Field Emission-Transmission Electron Microscope) techniques. The scanning ion micrographs of cross-section microstructure of defects showed that these defects were identified as craters which were formed on the projecting part of the substrate surface. Also, those craters were formed on the Si or Mn-Si oxides film through the whole interface between galvannealed coating and steel substrate. Interface enrichments and oxidations of the active alloying elements such as Si and Mn during reduction annealing process for galvanizing were found to interrupt Zn and Fe interdiffusion during galvannealing process. During galvannealing, Zn and Fe interdiffusion is preferentially started on the clean substrate surface which have no oxide layer on. And then, during galvannealing, crater is developed with consumption of molten zinc on the oxide layer.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.351-356
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• 1997

The origin of the variation of initial permeability in manganese-zinc ferrite polycrystals with a content of hematite was investigated. Initial permeability showed maximum with hematite content while there was no significant change in microstructure. Saturation magnetization increased with hematite content. So the variation of initial permeability was not explained on the basis of microstructural change or saturation magnetization. Temperature dependence of initial permeability revealed magnetocrystalline anisotropy was the origin of the variation of initial permeability. The change in magnetocrystalline anisotropy was ascribed to the variation in ferrous ion concentration. Therefore the variation of initial permeability in manganese-zinc ferrite polycrystals with a content of hematite was due to ferrous ion concentration via magnetocrystalline anisotropy.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.8-23
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• 1994

During the period from Mar., 1991 to Feb., 1992 66 tSP samples were collected by Hi volume air sampler at 1 sampling site in Seoul and the amount of concentration of 21 components(SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$, NO$_{3}$$^{-}$, NH$_{4}$$^{+}$, Cl$^{-}$, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, It Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pt Si, Ti, Zn, Zr ) were measured. And monthly and seasonal variation were surveyed and the principal component analysis( PCA ) were carried out with respect to these amount of pollutants, minimum of visibility and radiation on a horizontal surface. The total amount of soluble ion in water was high in order o(SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$> NO$_{3}$$^{-}$> N%'>Cl$^{-}$ and metal ion was high in order of Na> Ca>Si> Fe> Al> K> Mg> Zn> Pb> Cu>Ti> Mn > Ba> Cr> Zr> Ni> Cd. There was Seasonal variation in concentration for SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$, NH$_{4}$$^{+}$, Cl$^{-}$, Na, Al, Ca, Bt Mg, Fe and Si. It was assumed that the components of the highest concentration on April were depend on yellow sand and the frequency of wind velocity and direction. As the results of PCA, the amount of pollution components was able to characterized with two principal components(Z$_{1}$, Z$_{2}$ ). The first principal components Z$_{1}$ was considered to be a factor indicating the pollutants originated from natural generation and The second principal components Z$_{2}$ was considered to be a factor indicating the pollutants originated from human work. The monthly concentration of pollutants in ISP, minimum of visibility and radiation on a horizontal surface was possible to evaluate by the use of these two principal components Z$_{1}$ and Z$_{2}$ .

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.61-64
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical characteristics of $PM^{10}$ at Anmyeon-do during the periods from January 1998 to December 2001. The $PM^{10}$ samples ($PM^{10}$) were collected by High Volume Air sampler (HVAS). The measured items were mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ with the major ions ($Cl^{-}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${Mg}^{2+}$, ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${K}^{+}$etc.) and metallic elements (AI, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb etc.). The chemical analysis of major ion components were made by Ion Chromatography (DX-500) and that of metallic elements were made by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP-AES, ICP-Mass). The average mass concentration of $PM^{10}$ increased substantially during the heavy dust periods (Asian Dust cases). For water-soluble ions, concentrations of ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^{-}$ were remarkably enhanced. Concentrations and mass fraction of crustal elements such as Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn were highly elevated, but those of pollution-derived heavy metals were appreciably decreased. The factor analysis was conducted in order to make the large and diverse data set as manageable levels and to qualitatively examine the relationship between the variables.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.758-762
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• 1997

52mol% Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$, 26mol% MnO의 조성에서 calcium과 vanadium의 동시첨가에 의한 투자율의 변화원인을 살펴보았다. 초투자율은 첨가물의 농도가 커짐에 따라 감사하였으나 소결체의 밀도나 입자크기는 증가하였으므로 초투자율의 변화는 미세구조의 변화로는 설명되지 않았다. 전기비저항은 첨가물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며 이는 입계의 고저항층의 생성과 vanadium ion에 의한 Fe$^{2+}$이온의 산화로 설명되었다. 첨가물의 농도가 증가함에 따라, 초투자율의 제 2차 최대치가 나타나지 않는 것과 초투자율이 감소하는 것으로부터, 결정자기이방성 상수의 값은 음으로 커짐을 알 수 있었다. 투자육의 온도의존성과 비저항의 변화로부터, 첨가물의 농도에 따른 상온 초투자율의 감소는 Fe$^{2+}$ 이온 농도의 감소에 따른 결정자기이방성 상수의 증가에 의한 효과와 입계에 유리질이 생겨 자벽이 쉽게 이동하지 못하는 효과 때문인 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

This study was carried out to leach valuable metal ions from the mine waste ore using the adapted indigenous bacteria. In order to tolerance the heavy metals, the indigenous bacteria were repeatedly subcultured in the adaptation-medium containing $CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ for 3 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. As the adaptation experiment processed, the pH was rapidly decrease in the adaptation-medium of 6 weeks more than the 3 weeks. The result of bioleaching with the adapted bacteria for 42 days, the pH value of leaching-medium in the 3 weeks tend to increased, whereas the pH of the 6 weeks decreased. In decreasing the pH value in the adaptation-medium and in the leaching-medium, it was identified that the indigenous bacteria were adapted $Cu^{2+}$ the ion and the mine waste ores. The contents of Cu, Fe and Zn in the leaching solution were usually higher leached in 6 weeks than 3 weeks due to the adaptation. Considering the bioleaching rates of Cu, Fe and Zn from these leaching solutions, the highest increasing the efficiency metal ion were found to be Fe. Accordingly, it is expected that the more valuable element ions can be leached out from the any mine waste, if the adapted bacteria with heavy metals will apply in future bioleaching experiments.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2003

orchardgrass 및 white clover의 단파 및 혼파 재배조건에서 미량요소 Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo 및 B의 조합시비별 목초의 생육, 개화, 수량, 양분 함량 및 초종간 경합지수 등에 미치는 영향 등을 구명하였다. 다량요소 양분을 동일량 시비한 조건에서 7 수준의 미량요소 조합시비는 T$_1$; 대조구, T$_2$; Fe, T$_3$; Fe+Mn, T$_4$； Fe＋Mn＋Cu, T$_{5}$; Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn, T$_{6}$；Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn+Mo 및 T$_{7}$； Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo+B로 하였다. 본 I집에서는 각 조합시비별 목초의 생육, 개화 및 수분생리/하고현상 특성 등에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 1, orchardgrass는 T$_3$와 T$_{6}$ 에서 심한 Fe-결핍 황화현상을 보였고, 이는 T$_4$와 T$_{5}$ 에서는 크게 경감되었다. 반면에 T$_1$, T$_2$및 T$_{7}$ 조합시비에서는 황화현상이 없이 정상적인 생육을 보였고, 특히 T$_{7}$완전 조합시비에서는 단파 및 혼파재배 공히 다른 조합시비에 비해서 가장 양호한 생육을 보였다. white clover는 조합시비별 황화현상은 보이지 않았으나 단파재배에서 T$_1$, T$_2$및 T$_{7}$에서는 다른 조합시비에 비해서 더 진한 녹색과 더 양호한 생육을 보였다. 2. 여름 고온기에 orchardgrass는 하고현강을 보였으나 T$_1$과 T$_{7}$에서는 다른 처리구보다 상대적으로 크게 경감 되였다. 황화현상을 보인 조합시비에서는 약한 줄기와 고온으로 인하여 일부 도복현상을 보였다. white clover는 하고현상을 보이지 않았고 처리별 수부요구도의 차이는 분명하지 않았다. 3. 단파재배에서 white clover의 개화 및 화아 수는 T$_{7}$ 및 T$_2$에서 가장 많았고 T$_{7}$에서는 다른 조합시비에 비해서 더 긴 개화기간과 더빠른 만개를 보였다. 이에 비해서 T$_{5}$ 및 T$_{6}$에서는 대조구인 T$_1$보다 적었고 처리 중 가장 적은 개화수를 보였다. T$_{7}$에서 만이 단파 및 혼파재배 공히 개화 수가 화하 수보다 많은 개화 수/화아 수의 비율이 ＞1 이였다(혼파의 T$_{6}$ 예외). 4. Fe-결핍 황화현상은 항시 부적합한 Fe/Mn과 Fe/Mo 비율에 기인되지 않고, 양이온간(Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn), 음이온간(Mo, B), 그리고 이들의 총 농도의 부조화에도 기인된다는 것을 인지할 수 있었다. 그리고 Fe${\times}$Mn${\times}$Mo${\times}$B 간 다량 교호작용이 있으며 이 때 B의 조정자 역할이 큰 것으로 보였다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.20-31
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• 1998

Adsorption of metal elements onto illite and halloysite was investigated at $25^{\circ}C$ using pollutant water collected from the gold-bearing metal mine. Incipient solution of pH 3.19 was reacted with clay minerals as a function of time: 10 minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 12 hour, 24 hour, 1 day, 2 day, 1 week, and 2 week. Twenty-seven cations and six anions from solutions were analyzed by AAs (atomic absorption spectrometer), ICP(induced-coupled plasma), and IC (ion chromatography). Speciation and saturation index of solutions were calculated by WATEQ4F and MINTEQA2 codes, indicating that most of metal ions exist as free ions and that there is little difference in chemical species and relative abundances between initial solution and reacted solutions. The adsorption results showed that the adsorption extent of elements varies depending on mineral types and reaction time. As for illite, adsorption after 1 hour-reaction occurs in the order of As>Pb>Ge>Li>Co, Pb, Cr, Ba>Cs for trace elements and Fe>K>Na>Mn>Al>Ca>Si for major elements, respectively. As for halloysite, adsorption after 1 hour-reaction occurs in the order of Cu>Pb>Li>Ge>Cr>Zn>As>Ba>Ti>Cd>Co for trace elements and Fe>K>Mn>Ca>Al>Na>Si for major elements, respectively. After 2 week-reaction, the adsorption occurs in the order of Cu>As>Zn>Li>Ge>Co>Ti>Ba>Ni>Pb>Cr>Cd>Se for trace elements and Fe>K>Mn>Al, Mg>Ca>Na, Si for major elements, respectively. No significant adsorption as well as selectivity was found for anions. Although halloysite has a 1:1 layer structure, its capacity of adsorption is greater than that of illite with 2:1 structure, probably due to its peculiar mineralogical characteristics. According to FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) results, there was no shift in the OH-stretching bond for illite, but the ν1 bond at 3695 cm-1 for halloysite was found to be stronger. In the viewpoint of adsorption, illite is characterized by an inner-sphere complex, whereas halloysite by an outer-sphere complex, respectively. Initial ion activity and dissociation constant of metal elements are regarded as the main factors that control the adsorption behaviors in a natural system containing multicomponents at the acidic condition.