• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

This study was carried out to develop new cultivars of Z. serrata showing red fall leaf as street trees. Z. serrata which had red fall leaves were selected and then examined for contents of leaf anthocyanin and chlorophyll. In addition, for the progeny test, selected trees were grafted. Of 21 trees having red autumn leaves, three individuals, 'S-6', 'S-20', and 'I-24' were finally selected. They contained higher level of anthocyanin in the leaves. Once developed, the red color remained till late autumn. Grafted plants of the selected strains showed high grafting efficiency and red foliage color in autumn. The soil pH of the survey sites ranged from 5.9 to 7.24. However, other soil characteristics did not show much difference among the sites with regard to inorganic nutrients including N(%), $P_2O_5$, CEC(mg/meq), $K^+$, $Ca^{3+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$, 'S-6', 'S-20', and 'I-24', clonal lines with red fall leaf were selected as new cultivars and propagates by grafting.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2023

Street trees have been incorporated into urban forests to regulate the microclimate and provide shade as well as provide aesthetic and environmental functions and to evaluate their physiological characteristics. Zelkova serrata is a major tree species that has been planted on various South Korean streets. We determined the physiological characteristics of Z. serrata in street trees of Goyang and Paju in Gyeonggi Province. According to survey sites, net CO₂ assimilation rates was 13.9-16.4 µmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was 0.80-0.82, and proline contents was showed 3.4-3.7 mg g^-1 FW. The studied trees were assumed to be physiologically stressed, but it was found that Z. serrata was planted as street trees were not significantly stressed when compared to chlorophyll fluorescence responses and proline contents. In the future, the continuous monitoring system is needed to evaluate the physiological characteristics of urban trees.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.166-171
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the negative physiological impact of saline to roadside trees and to assess the physio-biochemical tolerant characters of woody plants against salinity. Two-year-old Zelkova serrata seedlings treated with 0, 3, 14, 56, and 112 mM NaCl were measured for root collar diameter and cambial electric resistance (as an indication of vitality) and analyzed for carbohydrate and mineral content in the leaves. Z. serrata was affected by NaCl treatments. The vitality of Z. serrata decreased with an increase in NaCl concentration, and the NaCl treatment resulted in nutrient imbalance shown by changes of ion concentration in the tissues. However, relative growth rate for diameter and carbohydrate metabolism in the leaves were not greatly influenced by NaCl treatment. Short-term treatment or low NaCl concentration may not have an observed impact on growth. Nevertheless, roadside trees exposed to saline during the long term would likely show negative effects for growth performance from altered ion concentrations.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2015

Zelkova serrata is an important hardwood species for the timber industry in Japan. Tree breeding programs for this species have mainly focused on growth characteristics such as stem diameter (D), tree height (TH), stem form, and branching. In order to fulfill timber industry needs, wood quality improvement should be included in the tree breeding program of this species. In the present study, growth characteristics, such as D and TH, and the stress-wave velocity (SWV), which is highly correlated with Young's modulus of wood, were measured for 20-year-old Z. serrata from eight half-sib families planted in a progeny test site with three different initial spacings. Significant differences in all the measured characteristics were found among the eight half-sib families. The variance components of the half-sib families for D, TH, and SWV were 27.2%, 47.3%, and 33.5%, respectively. These results indicate that all the measured characteristics of this species could be improved by tree breeding programs. In addition, only low correlation coefficients were obtained between the growth characteristics and SWV, indicating that extensive selection on SWV in tree breeding programs may not always lead to a reduction in yield volume.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.130-137
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• 2008

In this study cadalene, which is classified into sesquiterpenes constructed with 15 carbons of naphthalene skeleton, was isolated from ethanol extracts of Zelkova wood (Zelkova serrata) using successive silica gel column chromatography. The purified cadalene compound was subjected to structural analysis using HPLC, EI-MS and $^1H$, $^{13}C-NMR$. Its molecular weight was measured to 244 (m/z) and methyl and isopropyl group were attached at C1 and C4 position, as well as hydroxyl group at C7 and methoxyl group at C3 in the naphthalene skeleton, respectively. Yield of 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene amounts to 0.03% based on air dried Zelkova wood powder. It was distributed only in xylem tissues(only in heartwood) of Zelkova wood, not in leaves and bark.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-102
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• 1992

The forest of kadok islet was investigated from aug. 1 1990 through oct. 30, 1990. The results obtained are summarized as follow : a floristic community. Most of the investigated area is occupied by arable land and pinus thunbergii forest, quercus serrata forest with only small area of camellia japonica forest of the eastern units. pinus thunbergii community subunit : eurya japonica rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum elaeagnus umbellata typical quercus serrata community subunit : stephanandra incisa rhus chinensis typical quercus autissima community camellia japonica community zelkova serrata-acer mono community carpinus coreana community

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 2007

We investigated the changes in the species of the woods used for Korean ancient and historic architectures, which include prehistoric excavated relics and existing wooden buildings in South Korea. The species data were collected from various sources such as excavation and repair reports, journal papers, and a few unpublished documents. We divided the building Periods as Paleolithic, Neolitic, Bronze Ages, Iron Age/Three Kingdoms, Koryo, Joseon (early, middle, late) and modem periods. In prehistoric periods, hardwoods were major species. Oak (Quercus spp.) woods dominated (94 percent in average); the others (5%) were Juglans mandshurica, Platycarya strobilacea, Castanea crenata, and few softwoods(1%). During Iron Age and Three Kingdom periods, oaks remained as a major species (57%) and others Platycarya strobilacea(21%), Castanea crenata(13%), and Pinus spp. (6%). The oak woods decreased in Koryo period and they occupied only 1.1%. Instead of oaks, pine (Pinus spp., 71%) and Zelkova serrata (22%) dominated in Koryo. In early and middle Joseon periods, pine woods (73%) remain as a major species and the others were oaks (14%) and Zelkova serrata (9%). As late Joseon came, the pine woods occupied more than 88%. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a few boreal species such as larch (Larix spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.), which grow in cold area, were found. We believe they were transported from northern Korea. The existing buildings in Korea are mainly from Joseon period and a few from late Koryo periods. During these periods, pine woods were used for most buildings. For such reason, pine woods were known as 'representative materials for historic buildings'. but earlier times, broad-leaved trees, i.e., oak and Zelkova woods were major materials. The changes in building materials resulted from both climate and human impacts. The dry climate and disturbed forests induce more pines in the mountains. We also compared the wood qualities of the species and found that Zelkova woods were superior ones and deserved more planting for future demands in the repair for historic buildings.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 1988

The continuum analyses and polar ordinations were applied for the ordination of forest vegetation in Mt. Naejang, national park in Korea. In the continuum analyses the sequence of Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus tschonoskii, Lindera erythrocapa and Zelkova serrata community was arranged along the continuum gradient as in moisture gradient analyses. The positive correlation of r=0.83 between continuum index and soil moisture content was observed. In the polar ordinations ten communities of Pinus densiflora, Quercus monogolica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Daphniphyllum macropodum, carpinus tschonoskii, Quercus aliena-Carpinus tschonoskii, Torreya nucifera, Cornus controversa-Lindera erythrocarpa and Zelkova serrata were identified. However, continuous distribution pattern of ten communities mentioned above could be regarded as a vegetational continuum. The results of these ordinations also were corresponded to those of phytosociological classification.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.38-53
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• 1998

This study quantified annual net carbon uptake by urban landscape trees and provided equations to estimate it for Ginkgo biloba, platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata and Acer palmatum, based on measurement of exchange rate for two years growing seasons from Sep., 1995 to Aug., 1997. The carbon uptake was significantly influenced by photosynthetic capacity, photon flux density and pruning. Ginkgo biloba showed the highest rate of net CO\sub 2\ uptake per unit leaf area and Acer palmatum did the lowest rate among those species. A tree shaded by adjacent building over the growing seasons showed net CO\sub2\ uptake per unit leaf area much lower than another tree of the same species less shaded. Annual net carbon uptake per tree was 19kg for Zelkova serrata, but only 1 kg for Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis with crown volume dwarfed from pruning. One Zekoval serrata tree annually offset carbon emission from consumption of about 32 liter of gasoline or 83 kWh of electricity. Strategies to improve CO\sub 2\ uptake by urban landscape trees include planting of species with high potosynthetic capacity, sunlight-guaranteed road and building layout for street trees, planting of shade-tolerant species in the north of buildings, and relocation of utility lines to underground and minimized pruning.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.159-164
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• 1987

The potential natural vegetation of Seonunsan area, southwestern Korea, was inferred from the actual vegetation. In previous two papers the plant communities of actual vegetation of the area is grouped into nine types; Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora, Carpinus tschonoskii, Quercus serrata, Camellia japonica (plantation), Quercus aliena, Pinus thunbergii, Zelkova serrata and Carpinus laxiflora forest. With the analysis of species richness, age structure and various informations on vegetation changes of the plant communities, two paths of late stage succession are suggested in climatic climax starting from Pinus densiflora forest in the area. One is through Quercus variabilis forest to Carpinus laxiflora forest in upper parts of the mountain and the other through Quercus aliena forest to Carpinus tschonoskii forest in lower parts of the mountain. With analysis of actual vegetation and the examination of informations including human activities in the area, the potential natural vegetation of the area was inferred. The potential natural vegetation of the area was mainly composed of Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus tschonoskii, Pinus densiflora and Zelkova serrata forest. The actual vegetation map and potential natural vegetation map (scale, 1:25, 000) and other results from this study might be the useful data for the protection of natural vegetation and restoration of the current vegetation.